Incorporation of radioisotops in biological tissues and cells
Answers
Incorporation
After inhalation, ingestion, or wound contamination, small radioisotope particles may be transported via blood or lymphatics into cells, tissues, and organs.
Isotopes can be alpha-, beta-, or gamma-emitting.
Radioisotopes can be incorporated into one or more organs specific for that isotope, (e.g. thyroid, lungs, kidneys, bones/bone marrow, or liver/spleen) resulting in exposure at that site.
Medical countermeasures called decorporation agents or other procedures (e.g., diuresis) may be needed to remove radioisotopes that have been incorporated into tissues.
Toxic effects of radioisotopes may be due to their chemical and/or radiological properties.
How to diagnose
If after external decontamination, an appropriate radiation survey meter continues to identify significant residual radioactivity, suspect internal contamination.
Swab each nostril separately to help estimate level of internal (lung) contamination
Collect ≥70 mL spot urine sample for isotope measurement
Instructions for sample collection, labeling, packaging and shipping (HHS/CDC)
Consider total body radiation survey with modified hospital nuclear medicine equipment
Explanation:
When glucose has been converted into G6P by hexokinase or glucokinase, it can either be converted to glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) for conversion to glycogen, or it is alternatively converted by glycolysis to pyruvate, which enters the mitochondrion where it is converted into acetyl-CoA and then into citrate.