india has over trade relations in all it's directions. give three reasons
Answers
Answer:
The State of India (Portuguese: Estado da Índia), also referred as the Portuguese State of India (Estado Português da Índia, EPI) or simply Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa), was a colonial state of the Portuguese Empire founded six years after the discovery of a sea route to the Indian Subcontinent by the Kingdom of Portugal. The capital of Portuguese India served as the governing centre of a string of Portuguese fortresses and settlements scattered along the Indian Ocean.
State of India
Estado da Índia
1505–1961
Flag of Portuguese India
Flag
Coat of arms of Portuguese India
Coat of arms
Anthem: Hymno Patriótico (1808–1826)
"Patriotic Anthem"
0:00
Hino da Carta (1826–1911)
"Hymn of the Charter"
A Portuguesa (1911–1961)
"The Portuguese"
Map of Portuguese India.png
Status
State of Portugal
Capital
Cochin (1505–1510)
Old Goa (1510–1843)
Nova Goa (1843–1961)
Common languages
Official language
Portuguese
Also spoken
Konkani
Tamil
Kannada
Gujarati
Marathi
Malayalam
Bengali
others
Religion
Roman Catholicism
Head of state
• King
1511–1521
Manuel I of Portugal
• President
1958–1961
Américo Tomás
Viceroy
• 1505–1509
Francisco de Almeida (first)
• 1896
Afonso, Duke of Porto (last)
Governor-general
• 1509–1515
Afonso de Albuquerque (first)
• 1958–1961
Manuel António Vassalo e Silva (last)
Historical era
Imperialism
• Fall of Sultanate of Bijapur
15 August 1505
• Indian Annexation
19 December 1961
Currency
Portuguese Indian rupia (INPR)
Portuguese Indian escudo (INPES)
Preceded by Succeeded by
Bahmani Sultanate
Gujarat Sultanate
Goa, Daman and Diu
Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Today part of
India
The first viceroy, Francisco de Almeida, established his headquarters at what was then Cochim, the present-day Cochin (Kochi), subsequent Portuguese governors were not always of viceroy rank. After 1510, the capital of the Portuguese viceroyalty was transferred to Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests area) of present-day Goa and Damaon.[1] Present-day Mumbai (Bombay) was part of Portuguese India as Bom Baim until it was ceded to the British Crown in 1661, who in turn leased Bombay to the East India Company. Until the 18th century, the Portuguese governor in Goa had authority over all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to southeast Asia. In 1752, Mozambique got its own separate government, and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Macau, Solor and Timor, and its authority was confined to the colonial holdings on the Konkan and Malabar coasts of Western India.
At the time of the British Raj's dissolution in 1947, Portuguese India was subdivided into three districts located on modern-day India's western coast, sometimes referred to collectively as Goa: namely Goa; Damão, which included the inland enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli; and Diu. Portugal lost effective control of the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954, and finally the rest of the overseas territory in December 1961, when it was annexed by India under the Nehru Government. In spite of this, Portugal only recognised Indian control in 1974, after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the Estado Novo regime, by a treaty signed on 31 December 1974.[2]
Answer:
As border tensions between India and China flared up with the deadliest clash in more than four decades, leaving at least 20 Indian soldiers dead, there have been calls for boycotting goods imported from the neighbouring nation. That, however, won’t be easy because the two economies are intertwined.
China is Asia’s largest economy and the world’s second-biggest with a GDP of about $13.6 trillion. India is No. 3 in Asia at $2.7 trillion. From supplying industrial components and raw materials to investments in India’s startups and technology firms, China is India’s biggest trading partner after the U.S.
BloombergQuint takes a look at the bilateral economic ties:
India-China Trade
China accounted for over 5% of India’s total exports in financial year 2019-20 and more than 14% of imports. Meaning, India runs a huge trade deficit with China, the biggest exporter to India.
While the absolute value of imports from our neighbour may have fallen, their share in the overall pie rose from 13.68% in the previous fiscal. India, according to state-backed Invest India data, is the seventh largest export destination for Chinese products.
Chinese exports to India comprise smartphones, electrical appliances, power plant inputs, fertilisers, auto components, finished steel products, capital goods like power plants, telecom equipment, metro rail coaches, iron and steel products, pharmaceutical ingredients, chemicals and plastics and engineering goods, among other things, according to the Ministry of Commerce.
India’s imports from China jumped 45 times since 2000 to reach over $70 billion in 2018-19, according to Invest India.
Chinese Investments In India
Foreign direct investments from China come to metallurgical industries, renewable energy (solar panels), electrical equipment, automotive and chemicals.
Data compiled by BloombergQuint from China Global Investment Tracker showed Chinese FDI into India at $4.14 billion in 2019. China’s commerce ministry, however, pegs the figure at at $8 billion for 2018-19.
According to Invest India, there are roughly 800 Chinese companies in the domestic market.
They have roughly 75 manufacturing facilities for smartphones, consumer appliances, construction equipment, power gear, automobiles, optical fibre, and chemicals.
Oppo, Vivo, Fosun International, Haier, SAIC and Midea are some of the largest Chinese brands and manufacturers in India. Adani Global Ltd., Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Jindal Steel & Power Ltd., BEML Ltd, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Co. and Aurobinda Pharma Ltd. are some of the Indian firms present in China.
The FDI numbers, however, don’t present a complete picture of China’s business reach in India.
Chinese Hooks In India’s Startups
Chinese funds and companies often route their investments in India through offices located in Singapore, Hong Kong, and Mauritius, a Gateway House report said.
For example, Alibaba Group’s investment in Paytm came via Alibaba Singapore Holdings Pvt. These don’t get recorded in India’s government data as Chinese investments, the report said. “In several cases, the investment in India hasn’t been made in the name of the Chinese entity/investor, and is, therefore, difficult to trace.”
Chinese tech investors have put an estimated $4 billion into Indian startups, according to the report. As of March 2020, 18 of India’s 30 unicorns are Chinese-funded.
The Smartphone Dominance
Chinese smartphones brands, led by Xiaomi, Vivo and Oppo, are market leaders in India with an estimated 72% share put together, leaving Samsung and Apple behind, according to a report by Gateway House. Quarterly data by Counterpoint corroborates this.
TikTok isn’t the only China-backed mobile application with a huge following in India. According to App Annie’s The State of Mobile in 2019 report, India saw a 165% increase in app downloads between 2016 and 2018. Half of these downloads on both IOS and Google Play Store were for apps with Chinese investments, including UC Browser, SHAREit, and Vigo Video.
“Such Chinese apps harvest more than normal amounts of data as compared to other social media apps, posing security concerns for India,” the Gateway House said.