India is surrounded by water bodies on three sides, yet we face water shortage every year. Consider this : the per capita water availability in India was 3450 cubic metres in 1951. By 2025 the annual per capita availability of water is expected to fall drastically from the current 1800 cubic metres per person to between 1200 and 1500 cubic metres.
Mumbai's demand for water was 7950 MLD(million litres per day) in 2011. The supply was only around 3100 MLD : a substantial shortfall, but the city receives only 2500 MLD, the balance being lost on account of leakages and pilferage. Delhi Jal Board is able to supply only around 650 million gallons of water per day against the demand of 750 million gallons. According to the World Bank study of 27 Asian cities with population of over one million, Kolkata is the fourth worst performing metro in terms of hours of water availability per day.
The quality of available water is so fast deteriorating. In 1982 , it was reported that 70% of all available water in India was polluted. The situation is much worse today. Over extraction of ground water has led to salt water intrusion into coal aquifers. It has also resulted in problems of excessive fluoride, iron, arsenic and salinity in water, which is currently affecting about 44 million people in India. Ground water is facing an equally serious threat from contamination by industrial effluents and faecial matter, as well as pesticides and fertilizers from farm run-offs.
Unless priority is given quickly to creating an infrastructure to assure availability of water, there may soon be no water to meet the agricultural, domestic and industrial needs of a population that will have tripled in 50 years to one and a quarter billion. Water management is therefore a major challenge for town planners, builders and architects today, not just in terms of availability of water, but most importantly its quality.
As water shortage increases, alternate sources of water supply are gaining importance. These include sewage recycling, rainwater harvesting, generating water from humidity in the atmosphere.
Water recycling is a simple, effective and economical solution to conserve water so that more fresh water is available for uses such a drinking, bathing, cooking and laundry.
Rajesh Sharma, Managing Director, Ion Exchange (India) Limited, opines, "Population, industrialization and pollution are putting pressure on our limited fresh water resources. There is a limit to increasing water supply because we are running out of sources and the cost of additional facilities is prohibitive. Moreover as an industry, which pays heavily for the water it uses, recycles more and more on it, it will be increasingly difficult for municipalities to find the money for subsidy. Sewage recycle would help reduce infrastructural costs on public water supply systems as well as avoid heavy losses of water through leakages during distribution through public supply pipelines. The best way to solve water scarcity, therefore, is by conserving water and recycling it wherever possible. Recycling must be made mandatory for all new projects - industrial or domestic. It should be promoted for existing buildings also. Apart from priority to watershed development, rainwater harvesting and water recycling, another area we need to address is optimising the use of water in agriculture (which uses 70% of the fresh water available) through drip irrigation".
1.1) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it. Use recognisable abbreviation, wherever necessary. Supply an appropriate title to it.
1.2) Write a summary of the above passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made by you. The summary should include all the important points given in the notes.
Please give the full answer.
Answers
Answer:
against the demand of 750 million gallons. According to the World Bank study of 27 Asian cities with population of over one million, Kolkata is the fourth worst performing metro in terms of hours of water availability per day.
The quality of available water is so fast deteriorating. In 1982 , it was reported that 70% of all available water in India was polluted. The situation is much worse today. Over extraction of groun
Note-Making & Summary
Explanation:
1.1) Water Management
1. Availability of Water
1.1 In 1951-3,450 Cu m.; current-1,800; 2025-1,200-1,500 cu in.
1.2 Mumbai's demand in 2011-7,950 MLD 3,100 MLD available only 2,500
MLD
1.3 Delhi demand-750m. gallons, supply 650 m. gallons
1.4 Calcutta 4th worst metro in hrs. of water availability.
2. Quality of Water
2.1 Water quality is constantly deteriorating.
2.2 Salt water intrusion into coastal aquifers.
2.3 Excessive fluoride, arsenic, iron and salinity in water.
2.4 Ground water polluted by industrial effluents, facial matter, pesticides
and fertilizers.
3. Handling of Problem
3.1 Alternative sources include sewage recycling, rain water harvesting
and generating water from humidity in the atmosphere
3.2 Water recycling is used for various purposes other than drinking, and
bathing
3.3 Conserving water
3.4 Recycling is mandatory for new industrial units.
3.5 Drip irrigation in agriculture.
__________________________________________________________
1.2) Summary:
Water Management
India is surrounded by waterbodies on three sides yet we face water shortage every year. Water is depleting unexpectedly in every state. The quality of available water is also fast deteriorating. In 1982 it was reported that 70 percent of all available water in India polluted. Groundwater is facing an equally serious threat from contamination By industrial effluent and facial matter as well as pesticides and fertilizers from farm run-offs. There is an urgent need of Water Management techniques such as sewage recycle, rainwater harvesting, generating water from humidity in the atmosphere, etc.