Indian tribes in pre and post independence era
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Tribal Movement in India before and after Independence !
After independence, various efforts have been made to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the tribals and to sustain the constitutional safeguard given to them The Central and State Governments have made incessant efforts in the direction of tribal welfare and development. Special programmes for their development have been undertaken in the successive Five Year Plans. The aim was to bring them on par with other developed sections of the society. But the results are not encouraging in all cases with an introduction of development plans, some societies have found themselves disintegrated.
The establishment of heavy industries, construction of dams and launching of development plans in tribal zones has necessitated displacement of local population. Thousands of tribal families were displaced from their traditional habitats Contact situations with outsiders have been equally detrimental.
Destruction of forests as a consequence of felling of trees for industrial purposes has threatened the small communities of hunters and food-gathers.
Those who could take advantage of new economic and educational frontiers were able to better their lot, while a large sections of the tribals, not adequately prepared to deal with new challenges, gradually depressed into poorer sections of the society. Against economic and social disparities, they have raised a collective voice.
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The tribals especially in central India, had reacted against their exploiters. These movements were directed towards freeing their land from all those who exploited them economically and culturally. At the same time, each of these movements put emphasis on revitalisation of their culture, their traditional culture which was swayed under the impact of the outsiders.Tribal Movement before Independence:
As soon as the British took over Eastern India, tribal revolts broke out to challenge alien rule. In the early years of colonialisation, no other community in India offered such heroic resistance to British rule or faced such tragic consequences as did the numerous Advise Communities of now Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Bengal.
The fact needs reiteration and highlighting in history that the tribals of Orissa were the first ones in India to wage war against British Colonialism. It should also be noted that contrary to the historians this began as early as 1768 and not in 1820 as opined by them. It was in 1768 that under the feudal king Krushna Bhanja of Ghumsar, the Kondha fought a pitched battle against the British and many lost their lives.
The same year Raja Narayan Deb of Parlakhemundi fought another battle at Jalwara where 30 tribals died. Meanwhile, the British took over Ganjam as part of Madras Presidency and appointed Edward Court as its President. But repeated battles IS the British by the tribals under the leadership of Maharandpata Mahadevi Parala Bikaram Bhanja of and late Srikar Bhanja of Ghumsar led the British to abandon the idea of reigning the area and declare it as ‘deserted’.
In 1772 the Paharia revolt broke out which was followed by a five year uprising led by Tilka Manjhi who was hanged in Bhagalpur in 1785. In the next two decades, revolt took place in Singbhum, Gumla, Birbhum, Bankura Monbhoom and Palama, followed by the great Koi Rising of 1832 and Khewar and Bhum.j revolts (1832-34).
The various uprising of the “Kondh meli” and the revolt of the revolt for against their feudal ruler in 1837, the noteworthy militant struggle of the Khonds for a decade from 1846-56 under the leadership of Chakara Biso, and the resistance to British exploitation by the Santhals of Orissa under the Murmu Brothers among many others will go down as momentous events in the history of Onssa’s struggle against the British.
The rebellion of 1855-1857 was a great event in history of Santhal. In 1855 the Santhals wage war against the permanent settlement of Lord Cornwallis. On 30th June, 1855 a massive rally of Santhal, over ten thousand, protested against their exploitation and oppression. The ‘rally, led by Sidho and Kano, took an oath to end the oppressive rule of the British, Zamindars and money-lenders and, it deeded to set up an independent Santhali Raj.
The money-lenders and Zamindars had flocked into Santhal areas. The crops of the Santhal were forcibly seized, the interests chafed on loans varied from fifty to five hundred per cent. The Santhal uprising (1855-1857) was an attempt to recover the tribal land which was steadily lost to the outsiders and to wipe out the non-tribals from their territory. It is estimated that fifteen to twenty five thousand Santhals were killed in this uprising.
As stated earlier, in 1855 the Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of Cornwallis and a year later, numerous Advice leaders play a key role in the 1857 war of independence. But the defeat of 1858 only intensified British exploitation of national wealth and resources.
After independence, various efforts have been made to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the tribals and to sustain the constitutional safeguard given to them The Central and State Governments have made incessant efforts in the direction of tribal welfare and development. Special programmes for their development have been undertaken in the successive Five Year Plans. The aim was to bring them on par with other developed sections of the society. But the results are not encouraging in all cases with an introduction of development plans, some societies have found themselves disintegrated.
The establishment of heavy industries, construction of dams and launching of development plans in tribal zones has necessitated displacement of local population. Thousands of tribal families were displaced from their traditional habitats Contact situations with outsiders have been equally detrimental.
Destruction of forests as a consequence of felling of trees for industrial purposes has threatened the small communities of hunters and food-gathers.
Those who could take advantage of new economic and educational frontiers were able to better their lot, while a large sections of the tribals, not adequately prepared to deal with new challenges, gradually depressed into poorer sections of the society. Against economic and social disparities, they have raised a collective voice.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
The tribals especially in central India, had reacted against their exploiters. These movements were directed towards freeing their land from all those who exploited them economically and culturally. At the same time, each of these movements put emphasis on revitalisation of their culture, their traditional culture which was swayed under the impact of the outsiders.Tribal Movement before Independence:
As soon as the British took over Eastern India, tribal revolts broke out to challenge alien rule. In the early years of colonialisation, no other community in India offered such heroic resistance to British rule or faced such tragic consequences as did the numerous Advise Communities of now Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Bengal.
The fact needs reiteration and highlighting in history that the tribals of Orissa were the first ones in India to wage war against British Colonialism. It should also be noted that contrary to the historians this began as early as 1768 and not in 1820 as opined by them. It was in 1768 that under the feudal king Krushna Bhanja of Ghumsar, the Kondha fought a pitched battle against the British and many lost their lives.
The same year Raja Narayan Deb of Parlakhemundi fought another battle at Jalwara where 30 tribals died. Meanwhile, the British took over Ganjam as part of Madras Presidency and appointed Edward Court as its President. But repeated battles IS the British by the tribals under the leadership of Maharandpata Mahadevi Parala Bikaram Bhanja of and late Srikar Bhanja of Ghumsar led the British to abandon the idea of reigning the area and declare it as ‘deserted’.
In 1772 the Paharia revolt broke out which was followed by a five year uprising led by Tilka Manjhi who was hanged in Bhagalpur in 1785. In the next two decades, revolt took place in Singbhum, Gumla, Birbhum, Bankura Monbhoom and Palama, followed by the great Koi Rising of 1832 and Khewar and Bhum.j revolts (1832-34).
The various uprising of the “Kondh meli” and the revolt of the revolt for against their feudal ruler in 1837, the noteworthy militant struggle of the Khonds for a decade from 1846-56 under the leadership of Chakara Biso, and the resistance to British exploitation by the Santhals of Orissa under the Murmu Brothers among many others will go down as momentous events in the history of Onssa’s struggle against the British.
The rebellion of 1855-1857 was a great event in history of Santhal. In 1855 the Santhals wage war against the permanent settlement of Lord Cornwallis. On 30th June, 1855 a massive rally of Santhal, over ten thousand, protested against their exploitation and oppression. The ‘rally, led by Sidho and Kano, took an oath to end the oppressive rule of the British, Zamindars and money-lenders and, it deeded to set up an independent Santhali Raj.
The money-lenders and Zamindars had flocked into Santhal areas. The crops of the Santhal were forcibly seized, the interests chafed on loans varied from fifty to five hundred per cent. The Santhal uprising (1855-1857) was an attempt to recover the tribal land which was steadily lost to the outsiders and to wipe out the non-tribals from their territory. It is estimated that fifteen to twenty five thousand Santhals were killed in this uprising.
As stated earlier, in 1855 the Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of Cornwallis and a year later, numerous Advice leaders play a key role in the 1857 war of independence. But the defeat of 1858 only intensified British exploitation of national wealth and resources.
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