Individualism and low power distance promote perceptions of
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The effects of power distance and individualism on perceptions of ethical intention were examined using data from New Zealand European and Malaysian Chinese commerce students. The aim was to assess the attitudes of these commerce students towards ethical problems presented in a set of business scenarios. Ethical judgments of both samples were not found to differ significantly across four of the five ethical dilemmas tested. However, New Zealand students considered environmental protection a significantly more important issue than their Chinese counterparts did. Results of the study raise concerns with regard to the interpretation of past findings involving different nationalities and ethnic groups, and argue for the inclusion of other independent measures to assess the cultural characteristics of these samples. Possible problems with the use of Hofstede's (1980) cultural typology are also identified and discussed.
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Since the 1960s, the Democratic Party has been considered liberal and the Republican Party has been considered conservative. As a group, liberals are referred to as the left and conservatives as the right.
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