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In ancient times, people from all over the world were keen
to come to India. The Aryans came from Central Europe
and settled down in India.The Persians followed by the
Iranians and Parsis immigrated to India. Then came the
Moghuls and they too settled down permanently in India.
Chengis Khan, the Mongolian, invaded and looted India
many times. Alexander the Great too, came to conquer
India but went back after a battle with Porus. He-en Tsang
from China came in pursuit of knowledge and to visit the
ancient Indian universities of Nalanda and Takshila.
Columbus wanted to come to India, but instead landed on
the shores of America. Vasco da Gama from Portugal
came to trade his country's goods in return for Indian
species. The French came and established their colonies
in India.
Lastly, the Britishers came and ruled over India for nearly
200 years. After the battle of Plassey in 1757, the British
achieved political power in India. And their paramountcy
was established during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie, who
became the Governor- General in 1848. He annexed
Punjab, Peshawar and the Pathan tribes in the north-west
of India. And by 1856, the British conquest and its
authority were firmly established. And while the British
power gained its heights during the middle of the 19 th
century, the discontent of the local rulers, the peasantry,
the intellectuals, common masses as also of the soldiers
who became unemployed due to the disbanding of the
armies of various states that were annexed by the British,
became widespread. This soon broke out into a revolt
which assumed the dimensions of the 1857 Mutiny.
The Indian Mutiny of 1857
The conquest of India, which
could be said to have begun
with the Battle of Plassey
(1757), was practically
completed by the end of
Dalhousie's tenure in 1856. It
had been by no means a smooth
affair as the simmering
discontent of the people manifested itself in many
localized revolt during this period. However, the Mutiny of
1857, which began with a revolt of the military soldiers at
Meerut, soon became widespread and posed a grave
challenge to the British rule. Even though the British
succeeded in crushing it within a year, it was certainly a
popular revolt in which the Indian rulers, the masses and
the militia participated so enthusiastically that it came to
be regarded as the First War of Indian Independence.
Introduction of zamindari system by the British, where the
peasants were ruined through exorbitant charges made
from them by the new class of landlords. The craftsmen
were destroyed by the influx of the British manufactured
goods. The religion and the caste system which formed
the firm foundation of the traditional Indian society was
endangered by the British administration. The Indian
soldiers as well as people in administration could not rise
in hierarchy as the senior jobs were reserved for the
Europeans. Thus, there was all-round discontent and
disgust against the British rule, which burst out in a revolt
by the 'sepoys' at Meerut whose religious sentiments were
offended when they were given new cartridges greased
with cow and pig fat, whose covering had to be stripped
out by biting with the mouth before using them in rifles.
The Hindu as well as the Muslim soldiers, who refused to
use such cartridges, were arrested which resulted in a
revolt by their fellow soldiers on May 9, 1857.
The rebel forces soon captured Delhi and the revolt
spread to a wider area and there was uprising in almost
all parts of the country. The most ferocious battles were
fought in Delhi, Awadh, Rohilkhand, Bundelkhand,
Allahabad, Agra, Meerut and western Bihar. The rebellious
forces under the commands of Kanwar Singh in Bihar and
Bakht Khan in Delhi gave a stunning blow to the British. In
Kanpur, Nana Sahib was proclaimed as the Peshwa and
the brave leader Tantya Tope led his troops. Rani
Lakshmibai was proclaimed the ruler of Jhansi who led
her troops in the heroic battles with the British. The
Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs and all the other brave
sons of India fought shoulder to shoulder to throw out the
British. The revolt was controlled by the British within one
year, it began from Meerut on 10 May 1857 and ended in
Gwalior on 20 June 1858.
to come to India. The Aryans came from Central Europe
and settled down in India.The Persians followed by the
Iranians and Parsis immigrated to India. Then came the
Moghuls and they too settled down permanently in India.
Chengis Khan, the Mongolian, invaded and looted India
many times. Alexander the Great too, came to conquer
India but went back after a battle with Porus. He-en Tsang
from China came in pursuit of knowledge and to visit the
ancient Indian universities of Nalanda and Takshila.
Columbus wanted to come to India, but instead landed on
the shores of America. Vasco da Gama from Portugal
came to trade his country's goods in return for Indian
species. The French came and established their colonies
in India.
Lastly, the Britishers came and ruled over India for nearly
200 years. After the battle of Plassey in 1757, the British
achieved political power in India. And their paramountcy
was established during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie, who
became the Governor- General in 1848. He annexed
Punjab, Peshawar and the Pathan tribes in the north-west
of India. And by 1856, the British conquest and its
authority were firmly established. And while the British
power gained its heights during the middle of the 19 th
century, the discontent of the local rulers, the peasantry,
the intellectuals, common masses as also of the soldiers
who became unemployed due to the disbanding of the
armies of various states that were annexed by the British,
became widespread. This soon broke out into a revolt
which assumed the dimensions of the 1857 Mutiny.
The Indian Mutiny of 1857
The conquest of India, which
could be said to have begun
with the Battle of Plassey
(1757), was practically
completed by the end of
Dalhousie's tenure in 1856. It
had been by no means a smooth
affair as the simmering
discontent of the people manifested itself in many
localized revolt during this period. However, the Mutiny of
1857, which began with a revolt of the military soldiers at
Meerut, soon became widespread and posed a grave
challenge to the British rule. Even though the British
succeeded in crushing it within a year, it was certainly a
popular revolt in which the Indian rulers, the masses and
the militia participated so enthusiastically that it came to
be regarded as the First War of Indian Independence.
Introduction of zamindari system by the British, where the
peasants were ruined through exorbitant charges made
from them by the new class of landlords. The craftsmen
were destroyed by the influx of the British manufactured
goods. The religion and the caste system which formed
the firm foundation of the traditional Indian society was
endangered by the British administration. The Indian
soldiers as well as people in administration could not rise
in hierarchy as the senior jobs were reserved for the
Europeans. Thus, there was all-round discontent and
disgust against the British rule, which burst out in a revolt
by the 'sepoys' at Meerut whose religious sentiments were
offended when they were given new cartridges greased
with cow and pig fat, whose covering had to be stripped
out by biting with the mouth before using them in rifles.
The Hindu as well as the Muslim soldiers, who refused to
use such cartridges, were arrested which resulted in a
revolt by their fellow soldiers on May 9, 1857.
The rebel forces soon captured Delhi and the revolt
spread to a wider area and there was uprising in almost
all parts of the country. The most ferocious battles were
fought in Delhi, Awadh, Rohilkhand, Bundelkhand,
Allahabad, Agra, Meerut and western Bihar. The rebellious
forces under the commands of Kanwar Singh in Bihar and
Bakht Khan in Delhi gave a stunning blow to the British. In
Kanpur, Nana Sahib was proclaimed as the Peshwa and
the brave leader Tantya Tope led his troops. Rani
Lakshmibai was proclaimed the ruler of Jhansi who led
her troops in the heroic battles with the British. The
Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs and all the other brave
sons of India fought shoulder to shoulder to throw out the
British. The revolt was controlled by the British within one
year, it began from Meerut on 10 May 1857 and ended in
Gwalior on 20 June 1858.
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