Information revolution made communication easier and speedy across the world. Justify the statement with suitable examples.
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Answers
The first part of this article introduced the fact that the information revolution is affecting all three pillars of national power: political, economic and military. It brought out how advances in technology have always acted as a catalyst in redefining national power structures. This argument was buttressed by taking a look at Marxian political thought and its linkage with technology. The changes in the tools of power in the 20th century were discussed and it was concluded that the realpolitik of the new era is cyberpolitik, in which the actors are no longer just states, and raw power can be countered or forfeited by information power. Information and its related technologies will be the tools of national power in the 21st century because the destructive power of nuclear and conventional weapons makes their use on a large scale almost impossible. War by other means (WBOM), non-lethal weapons (NWL), information warfare (IW), neo-colonialism, information apartheid, cyberpolitik, etc are seen as the more benevolent yet effective tools of exercising power. Thereafter, the article focussed on the differences between the industrial age society and the information age society to emphasise the need for foreign policy experts to understand the changing nature of power in the information age. The discussion on the types of power in the information age showed how information technology (IT) has affected both behavioural power (which consists of soft and hard power) and resource power. Finally, it was explained how the fall of the former Soviet Union and the break-up of Yugoslavia was carried out using information technologies.1 This, the concluding part of this article, looks beyond the end of the Cold War, and proposes to analyse some of the other political aspects of the new world information order. The following salient aspects are discussed in this article:
l New World Information Order.
l Conflict Between Nation-States and Non-State Actors.
l The Media Revolution.
l Proliferation of the Internet and the Conflict between Democracy and Authoritarianism.
l Prognosis for the Twenty-First Century.
New World Information Order
It is said that nothing is permanent except change. This is particularly true in the information age. It is important to understand the nature of the new world information order in order to be effective in our foreign policy initiatives and in the conduct of international relations. We must accept that we are in a metastate, a changing polity and a time of flux. The information revolution throws up various contradictory phenomena. It includes the strengthening of the forces of anarchy and control. The revolution empowers individuals and elites. It breaks down hierarchies and creates new power structures. It offers both more choices and too many choices, greater insight and more fog. It reduces the risk to soldiers in warfare and vastly increases the cost of conflict. It can lead to supremacy of the possessors of information technologies while it leads to vulnerabilities to the same possessors from weaker nations. It cedes some state authority to markets, to transnational entities and to non-state actors and as a result produces political forces calling for the strengthening of the state. It is the best tool for democrats and the best weapon for demagogues.2 Given such contradictions, one may be tempted to believe that it is too early to modify our foreign policy objectives to suit the information age. However, a mere look at some of the manifestations of the arrival of information technology in international relations, clearly brings out how the nature and exercise of power have been permanently altered.
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