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Integrated farming system
Integrated farming system was established on 46 ha having well-buffered soils. The arable land (30 ha) was cultivated with a four-field crop rotation with cover crops: (1) winter wheat; (2) potatoes; (3) winter wheat; and (4) maize. The remaining area was used as grassland (1.8 ha) and fallow land (8.8 ha). Potatoes and wheat were grown as cash crops; maize was used to feed 45 fattening bulls living in neighbouring farms. The slurry was brought back to the fields.
To achieve sustainability, integrated farming reduced tillage frequency and intensity; moldboard ploughs were not used. Harrowing and chiselling were favoured methods in Scheyern. Wide tyres and combinations minimised soil compaction and erosion. Cover crops, wheat and maize stubble mulch protected the soil surface and enhanced soil faunal and microbial activity. Further tillage was avoided by direct and no-till planting in mulch of the previous crop or cover crop. Leaching was reduced by using crop varieties with high ability to compete for nutrients, water and light. Crop varieties exhibiting adequate resistance to most important diseases were preferred. Fertilising strategies were optimised to the plants’ needs, and pesticides were used not for prevention (pest threshold principle) but only when necessary.
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