Internal structure of leaf in relation to photosynthesis and water loss
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In this update, we focus on the key structural features that affect CO2 concentration in the chloroplast stroma. First, we analyze the conductance for CO2 diffusion from the substomatal cavity to the chloroplast stroma (mesophyll conductance, gm, also called internal conductance, gi). Because the low gm limits photosynthesis, the mesophyll surface area exposed to the intercellular spaces (Smes, mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular spaces per unit leaf area) should be maximized to increase the area for CO2 dissolution and the effective pathway for CO2 diffusion, and thereby photosynthesis. Second, we analyze the light environment within a leaf, because, for maximizing photosynthesis, light should be delivered to all the chloroplasts in the leaf, distributing along the cell walls. In relation to the light environment within a leaf, we also point out some technical problems in measuring photosynthetic parameters. Third, the movement and positioning of cellular organelles are discussed. Finally, we discuss the urgent need of ecologically relevant developmental and cell biological studies that clarify the mechanisms that are responsible for structural and cell biological features in nature.
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