irrigation in India faces many problems. state any two such problems
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1. Time and Cost overruns: Worst part of the inordinate delay in completion of projects has been the time and cost overruns. A study by the Planning Commission on cost overruns found that for a representative 12 projects, there was an escalation of the order of 138% over the original cost
2.Management: Integrated Water Resource Management [IWRM] in agriculture is a concept of sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource and its use in agriculture. IWRM has also a role to meet social, economic and environmental objectives. This concept has been successfully applied more in areas relating to domestic and industrial use in several countries like Australia, Mexico, and Korea.
2.Management: Integrated Water Resource Management [IWRM] in agriculture is a concept of sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource and its use in agriculture. IWRM has also a role to meet social, economic and environmental objectives. This concept has been successfully applied more in areas relating to domestic and industrial use in several countries like Australia, Mexico, and Korea.
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Issues facing Irrigation in India
Serious Issues: The government needs to demonstrate the political commitment and administrative skill and initiate strategic actions to overcome following serious issues facing irrigation in India.
Incomplete projects: There has been an increase in the number of projects awaiting completion since the end of IV Plan. The backlog has remained between 500 and 600 projects since then. The backlog declined at the end of VII Plan but increased again to the present level. Currently, there are 557 irrigation projects yet to be completed.
Time and Cost overruns: Worst part of the inordinate delay in completion of projects has been the time and cost overruns. A study by the Planning Commission on cost overruns found that for a representative 12 projects, there was an escalation of the order of 138% over the original cost [i.e. escalation of 1.38 times the approved cost].
Underutilization: The gap between the irrigation potential created [IPC] and the irrigation potential utilized [IPU] is steadily increasing from the First Plan. Currently IPU is 80 million hectares [73.39%] as against IPC of 109 million hectares. Factors responsible for low utilization of irrigation as studied by Indian Institute of Management [Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Kolkata and Lucknow]
Groundwater: Around 70% of India’s irrigation needs and 80% of its domestic water supplies come from groundwater. A large part of agriculture is dependent on non-renewable groundwater. Water table in many States has been falling at an alarming rate. For decades, agricultural States of Punjab, Haryana, UP and Rajasthan encouraged farmers to sink tube wells to get free water for agricultural use.
Management: Integrated Water Resource Management [IWRM] in agriculture is a concept of sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource and its use in agriculture. IWRM has also a role to meet social, economic and environmental objectives. This concept has been successfully applied more in areas relating to domestic and industrial use in several countries like Australia, Mexico, and Korea.
Water Users Associations: The Eleventh Plan earmarked Rs.10,326 crore for irrigation. More attention should be paid to involving farmers as water users and making them responsible to manage irrigation system. Six States viz. Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Orissa have enacted laws that make the creation of WUAs mandatory.
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Serious Issues: The government needs to demonstrate the political commitment and administrative skill and initiate strategic actions to overcome following serious issues facing irrigation in India.
Incomplete projects: There has been an increase in the number of projects awaiting completion since the end of IV Plan. The backlog has remained between 500 and 600 projects since then. The backlog declined at the end of VII Plan but increased again to the present level. Currently, there are 557 irrigation projects yet to be completed.
Time and Cost overruns: Worst part of the inordinate delay in completion of projects has been the time and cost overruns. A study by the Planning Commission on cost overruns found that for a representative 12 projects, there was an escalation of the order of 138% over the original cost [i.e. escalation of 1.38 times the approved cost].
Underutilization: The gap between the irrigation potential created [IPC] and the irrigation potential utilized [IPU] is steadily increasing from the First Plan. Currently IPU is 80 million hectares [73.39%] as against IPC of 109 million hectares. Factors responsible for low utilization of irrigation as studied by Indian Institute of Management [Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Kolkata and Lucknow]
Groundwater: Around 70% of India’s irrigation needs and 80% of its domestic water supplies come from groundwater. A large part of agriculture is dependent on non-renewable groundwater. Water table in many States has been falling at an alarming rate. For decades, agricultural States of Punjab, Haryana, UP and Rajasthan encouraged farmers to sink tube wells to get free water for agricultural use.
Management: Integrated Water Resource Management [IWRM] in agriculture is a concept of sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource and its use in agriculture. IWRM has also a role to meet social, economic and environmental objectives. This concept has been successfully applied more in areas relating to domestic and industrial use in several countries like Australia, Mexico, and Korea.
Water Users Associations: The Eleventh Plan earmarked Rs.10,326 crore for irrigation. More attention should be paid to involving farmers as water users and making them responsible to manage irrigation system. Six States viz. Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Orissa have enacted laws that make the creation of WUAs mandatory.
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