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Answer:
Explanation:Background
Modifying lifestyle risk factors for dementia is a public health priority. Motivation for change is integral to the modification of health-related risk behaviours. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the previously validated tool entitled ‘Motivation to Change Lifestyle and Health Behaviours for Dementia Risk Reduction Scale’ (MCLHB-DRR) for use in the UK.
Methods
A sample of 3,948 individuals aged 50 and over completed the 27-item MCLHB-DRR online. The psychometric properties of the scale were explored via Exploratory Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) with Oblimin rotation. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the factor structure using chi-square (χ2), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), the comparative fit index (CFI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) as fit indices to evaluate the model fit. Internal consistency (Cronbach α) was measured for the final scale version.
Results
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) resulted in a parsimonious 10-item, two-factor structure (5 items each, factor loadings > 0.3) that explained 52.83% of total variance. Based on the Pattern Matrix, Factor 1 was labelled “Positive Cues to Action” and Factor 2 was labelled “Negative Cues to Action”. After addressing some errors in covariances, CFA showed a good fit where all fit indices were larger than 0.90 (GFI = 0.968, CFI = 0.938) and smaller than 0.08 (RMSEA = 0.072, RMR = 0.041). The standardized coefficients of Factor 1 and Factor 2 ranged from 0.30 to 0.73 and were all statistically significant (p < 0.001). The final scale showed moderate to high reliability scores (Factor 1 α = 0.809; Factor 2 α = 0.701; Overall α = 0.785).
Conclusions
The new MOCHAD-10 (Motivation to Change Behaviour for Dementia Risk Reduction Scale) is a short, reliable and robust two-factor, 10-item clinical tool for use in preventative health care and research to evaluate motivation to change lifestyle for dementia risk reduction.
Background
Recent evidence suggest that about 30% of all dementia cases could be prevented through the management of modifiable risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes, alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, and smoking [1, 2]. Delaying the onset of dementia by just one year is likely to reduce its prevalence by 11% by 2050, while delaying it by five years could halve the number of people living with dementia by 2050 [3]. Hence, public health actions aimed at reducing dementia risk should be a priority [4]. Improving individual lifestyles for better health status is a complex task that depends on the individual’s attitudes and beliefs towards health and illnesses [5]. Although some people respond to health risks through the adoption of health behaviours to reduce risks, this is often difficult to achieve as it encompasses an array of cognitive, social and emotional factors [5]. Moreover, individuals need to be motivated to change their behaviour and have the self-belief that they can do so [6]. It is therefore important to understand the individuals’ attitudes and motivation to make lifestyle changes in order that interventions targeted at dementia risk reduction can be designed and implemented effectively.