Question

It is about person's involvement with a religious traditions and institution.
A. Spirituality B. Religion
C. Theology D. Religiousness​

Answer 1

Answer:

option b is correct........

Answer 2

Answer:

Abstract

This study examines the relationships among race, education, formal as well as informal involvement in the church, and God-mediated control. Formal involvement in the church was assessed by the frequency of attendance at worship services, Bible study groups, and prayer groups. Informal involvement was measured with an index of spiritual support provided by fellow church members. Data from a nationwide longitudinal survey of older people suggest that both formal and informal church involvement tend to sustain feelings of God-mediated control over time. The findings further reveal that compared to older whites, older African Americans are more likely to have stronger feelings of God-mediated control at the baseline survey and older blacks are more likely to sustain their sense of God-mediated control over time. In contrast, the data suggest that education is not significantly related to feelings of God-mediated control.

Introduction

The construct of control has occupied a central place in social and behavioral research for decades (Zarit, Pearlin, and Schaie 2002). In fact, some investigators claim it may be a more important determinant of psychological well-being than any other psychosocial factor (Ross and Sastry 1999). Although numerous scales have been devised to assess feelings of personal control (e.g., locus of control, self-efficacy, mastery), these various measures, nevertheless, share a common conceptual core. Embedded in each index is the notion that individuals with a strong sense of personal control believe the things that happen to them are responsive to and contingent upon their own choices, efforts, and actions (Ross and Sastry 1999). In contrast, people with a weak sense of personal control believe that events in their lives are shaped by forces outside their influence, and they feel they are not able to influence or regulate the things that happen to them.

The construct of control has not gone unnoticed in research on religion. In fact, scholars have extended research on control in a relatively unique way by introducing the notion of God-mediated control (Berrenberg 1987). Two approaches have been taken to define and measure this construct.