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Q.) EXPLAIN IN DETAIL. HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION. KINGDOM ANIMALIA.
i wnt the farst one to be explain in detail and second one can be short (at least 60 words).
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Let's start it with a bang!!!
Q1) History of classification.
As well all know, Plants and animals were used for meeting the basic needs for the humans even from the beginning!!!
Therefore human beings gave them names, noted their features for identification and even classified them from the beginning of civilisation.
Firstly, as I am an American, and not hating the country India as it was the first to grow some roots for classification.
Indian classification (the earliest):
Vedic literature (2500-650 BC) mentions the names of some 740 plants and 250 animals. Chandyogya
Upanishad classified animals into three categories:- viviparous Jivaja, oviparous Andaja and minute Udbhija.
Susrata Samhita (600 BC) divided organisms into Sthavara (immobile, plants) and Jangama (mobile, animals). Susrata Samhita divided plants into Vanaspati (fruit yielding non-flowering plants), Vrksha (fruit yielding flowering plants), Virudha (shrubs and creepers) and Osadhi (monocarpic plants). Animals were classified into Matsya (fish), Janghala (herbivorous quadrupeds or four legged animals e.g., Deer), Kulacara (herbivorous frequenting river banks, e.g., Elephants, Buffalo) and Guhasaya (carnivorous quadrupeds, e.g., Tiger, lion).
Parasara divided angiosperms into Dvimatruka (dicotyledons) and Ekmatruka (monocotyledons). He further classified their leaves into Jalikaparna (reticulated veins in leaves) and Maunlaparna (parallel-veined leaves).
Note:- I have just started to be a part in sanskrit and learning Hindi. As I am from a foreign state any mistakes, please, just avoid the spellings in sanskrit, look the history.
Some of the famous Greek scholars who are also given credit to the Base of the classification:
Greek Scholar Hippocrates (460-377 BC, known as father of medicine) and Aristotle (384-322 BC, father of zoology and biology) arrange animals into 4 major groups of insects, birds, fishes and whales. In his famous Scala Naturae, Aristotle has distinguished lower plants, higher plants, zoophyta, entoma, ostracoderma, malastraca, malacia, fish, cetacea, birds, oviparous quadrupeds and viviparous quadrupeds. He described about 500 animals in his book Historica Animalium.
Theopharastus (370-285 BC, father of botany) describes 480 plants in his book Historica Plantarum (c.300 BC). Theopharastus divided plants into 4 categories and on the basis of their habit, former and texture - trees, shrubs, undershrubs and herbs.
Some other old centuries scientists who bought the key to classification:
John ray (1627-1705) coined the term and gave the concept of species for a group of morphologically similar individuals. Differentiation of species and genus was also attempted. Ray was the first systematist who insisted on studying of structure rather than colour, size and habit for distinguishing species. He was widely travelled. In 1686 he wrote Historica Generalis Plantarum wherein he has described 18,600 plants. His other contributions are Quadrupeds and Reptiles (1693) and Insects (1704).
The most significant contribution to science of taxonomy was made by Swedish doctor and naturalist, Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). He is known as father of taxonomy as well as the father of binomial nomenclature. He has systematically described 5900 species of plants in Species Plantarum (1753) and 4326 species of animals in Systema Naturae (tenth edition, 1758). His system of classification is based on sexual characters. Treatment of animals is similar to natural system of classification while that of plants has become artificial. Linnaeus introduced binomial system (Philosophia Botanica, 1751) of nomenclature for plants and animals in which each scientific name consists of two words, first genus (to which species belong) and second identity of the species (to which individual belongs), e.g., Homo sapiens (in italics as every genus and species does), Pisum sativum.
Q1) History of classification.
As well all know, Plants and animals were used for meeting the basic needs for the humans even from the beginning!!!
Therefore human beings gave them names, noted their features for identification and even classified them from the beginning of civilisation.
Firstly, as I am an American, and not hating the country India as it was the first to grow some roots for classification.
Indian classification (the earliest):
Vedic literature (2500-650 BC) mentions the names of some 740 plants and 250 animals. Chandyogya
Upanishad classified animals into three categories:- viviparous Jivaja, oviparous Andaja and minute Udbhija.
Susrata Samhita (600 BC) divided organisms into Sthavara (immobile, plants) and Jangama (mobile, animals). Susrata Samhita divided plants into Vanaspati (fruit yielding non-flowering plants), Vrksha (fruit yielding flowering plants), Virudha (shrubs and creepers) and Osadhi (monocarpic plants). Animals were classified into Matsya (fish), Janghala (herbivorous quadrupeds or four legged animals e.g., Deer), Kulacara (herbivorous frequenting river banks, e.g., Elephants, Buffalo) and Guhasaya (carnivorous quadrupeds, e.g., Tiger, lion).
Parasara divided angiosperms into Dvimatruka (dicotyledons) and Ekmatruka (monocotyledons). He further classified their leaves into Jalikaparna (reticulated veins in leaves) and Maunlaparna (parallel-veined leaves).
Note:- I have just started to be a part in sanskrit and learning Hindi. As I am from a foreign state any mistakes, please, just avoid the spellings in sanskrit, look the history.
Some of the famous Greek scholars who are also given credit to the Base of the classification:
Greek Scholar Hippocrates (460-377 BC, known as father of medicine) and Aristotle (384-322 BC, father of zoology and biology) arrange animals into 4 major groups of insects, birds, fishes and whales. In his famous Scala Naturae, Aristotle has distinguished lower plants, higher plants, zoophyta, entoma, ostracoderma, malastraca, malacia, fish, cetacea, birds, oviparous quadrupeds and viviparous quadrupeds. He described about 500 animals in his book Historica Animalium.
Theopharastus (370-285 BC, father of botany) describes 480 plants in his book Historica Plantarum (c.300 BC). Theopharastus divided plants into 4 categories and on the basis of their habit, former and texture - trees, shrubs, undershrubs and herbs.
Some other old centuries scientists who bought the key to classification:
John ray (1627-1705) coined the term and gave the concept of species for a group of morphologically similar individuals. Differentiation of species and genus was also attempted. Ray was the first systematist who insisted on studying of structure rather than colour, size and habit for distinguishing species. He was widely travelled. In 1686 he wrote Historica Generalis Plantarum wherein he has described 18,600 plants. His other contributions are Quadrupeds and Reptiles (1693) and Insects (1704).
The most significant contribution to science of taxonomy was made by Swedish doctor and naturalist, Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). He is known as father of taxonomy as well as the father of binomial nomenclature. He has systematically described 5900 species of plants in Species Plantarum (1753) and 4326 species of animals in Systema Naturae (tenth edition, 1758). His system of classification is based on sexual characters. Treatment of animals is similar to natural system of classification while that of plants has become artificial. Linnaeus introduced binomial system (Philosophia Botanica, 1751) of nomenclature for plants and animals in which each scientific name consists of two words, first genus (to which species belong) and second identity of the species (to which individual belongs), e.g., Homo sapiens (in italics as every genus and species does), Pisum sativum.
Since there is a character limit of 5000 characters I will try to answer your next question in the comments.
Q2) Kingdom Animalia:-
Kingdom Animalia or Metazoa consists multicellular, eukaryotic organisms having intestine type of nutrition, regular body form, internal organs, growth definite but diffused, occurrence of tissues and a proper organ system of organisation, proper presence of nervous system, sensory, muscular and excretory structures and system. Animals are generally mobile with a few exceptions. Cells are devoid of walls, central vacuole and plastids.
Kingdom Animalia or Metazoa consists multicellular, eukaryotic organisms having intestine type of nutrition, regular body form, internal organs, growth definite but diffused, occurrence of tissues and a proper organ system of organisation, proper presence of nervous system, sensory, muscular and excretory structures and system. Animals are generally mobile with a few exceptions. Cells are devoid of walls, central vacuole and plastids.
Vacuoles are small. Centrioles occur. Sexual reproduction is common mode of multiplication. As embryo stage is present. Kingdom Animalia includes all animals of two Kingdom classification except protozoa.
Five Kingdom classification of Whittaker (1969) is better than the previous ones.
And more but the character limit is suppressing it.
Note: Any reports are directly linked to the srucnity of the subject itself as it is applied through the means of knowledge only and not any plagiarised source.
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