IV. Answer the following questions in brief.
1. Why were guilds formed?
2. Name the metals used to make punch-marked coins. Why were they called so?
3. Name the categories of farmers in south India during this period. Discuss.
4. How does Sangam Lierature help us to study the past?
5. What are the Jatakas? What do literature sources tell us about this period?
Answers
Answer:
1) Guilds came to control the distribution and sale of food, cloth, and other staple goods and thereby achieved a monopoly over the local commerce. ... In this way the first craft guilds were formed. Craft and merchant guilds would often control different areas of a particular industry.
2)The first documented coinage is deemed to start with 'Punch Marked' coins issued between the 7th-6th century BC and 1stcentury AD. These coins are called 'punch-marked' coins because of their manufacturing technique. Mostly made of silver, these bear symbols, each of which was punched on the coin with a separate punch.
3)During the Sangam age, 500 BCE – 300 CE, agriculture was the main vocation of the Tamils. It was considered a necessity for life, and hence was treated as the foremost among all occupations. The farmers or the Ulavar were placed right at the top of the social classification.
4)Sangam literature is one of the main sources used for documenting the early history of these people of South Asia. The ancient Sangam poems are based on human experience, emotions, human aspects and nature.
5)The Jatakas may be regarded as a body of literature that consists of various narratives of the life of Gautam Budhha taking birth in both human and animal forms. ... The Buddhist literature, Theravad Buddhism refers to these Jatakas as a commentary to the famous Pali Kanon (a collection of Theravadan Buddhist literature).
Explanation:
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