IV. Answer the following questions in brief.
1. Write about the periodisation of Indian history especially in the medieval period.
period in India?
3. What are the court chronicles? Give examples.
4. What were the major historical developments during the medieval period?
V. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. In what ways has the meaning of the term "Hindustan' changed over the centuries?
2. How are the sources of medieval Indian history classified? Write in detail.
3. Write a note on literary sources of the medieval period.
4. Explain any three political developments that took place in India during the medieval period,
2. What do you know about the materials that were used while writing literary works in the medieval
Answers
Answer:
1) The British historians in the mid-nineteenth century divided India's history into three periods, namely 'Hindu', 'Muslim', and 'British'. The premise of dividing it this way was that the religion of rulers was the only important historical change, and there was no change in the social, economic and cultural aspects.
3) scholars often wrote the history of rulers or the ruling dynasties of the kingdom is which they lived. such books are Aslo called court chronicles. a example of such a book is rajatarangini and bilhana's vikramadevacharita.
4)The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation).
V. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. It has been observed that language and its interpretation change with the change of time. The term 'Hindustan' was used for the first time by Minhaj-i Siraj, a thirteenth-century Persian chronicler. He, with this term, meant the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna. It was used in a political sense for lands constituting a part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultan. Though the term shifted with the extent of the Sultanate but it never included south India. Later in the sixteenth century, Babur, while using this term, meant the geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent. A fourteenth-century poet Amir Khusrau also used the term 'Hind' almost in the same sense. The remarkable point is that while the idea of a geographical and cultural entity like 'India' did exist, the term 'Hindustan' did not carry the political and national meanings that we associate with it today.
2. The sources of medieval Indian history can be classified broadly into two types :
1. Archaeological Sources : Archaeological sources include :
a. Monuments : Monuments like Quwat-ul-Islam Mosque.
b. Coins : Silver tanka and copper jittal of Delhi Sultans.
c. Inscriptions : Inscriptions on coins and monuments.
2. Literary Sources : These include,
a. Religious Literary Sources : It includes the religious literature of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. i.e Ṭabāqāt al-ṣūfiyya of Moinuddin Chisti
b. Secular Literature : It includes :
i. Chronicles : Court chronicles like Rajatarangni and Akbarnama.
ii. Autobiographies : It includes Tuzk-i-Babri.
iii. Poetry : Poetry of Amir Khusru like Nur Siphr.
iv. Biographies of different rulers and works on politics and warfare like Tajul Masir.
4. ANY THREE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT:
There was fragmentation of kingdoms, invasions by the foreigners like the turks .
The establishment of Mughal Empire and Delhi Sultanate took place during the Medieval Period.
Many regional kingdoms developed which spread regional language and culture .
2. Literature, a body of written works. The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems, including language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter.
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