iv.InGhana,cocoaisbestgrowninforestslowlands.
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Cocoa cultivation began in Ghana, according to the legend, fostered by a blacksmith called Tetteh Quarshie, who, in 1895, returned to his farm in the Eastern Region of Ghana with cocoa beans "in his pocket" from the island of Fernando Po (now Bioko) in Equatorial Guinea where there was already intensive plantation production of "slave-grown" cocoa.
Cocoa was first exported at the end of the 19th century, and between 1911 - 1976 Ghana was the world's leading producer, contributing between 30-40% of the world' s total output.
Due to the importance of cocoa in Ghana, both in terms of its effect over the lives of these cocoa farmers and to the Ghanaian economy, the government of the 1930s took over control of the industry. They set up a buying monopoly for all the cocoa produced in Ghana. This body, first under colonial control, and then the independent Ghanaian government, was intended to protect the farmers from price fluctuations. Whilst it failed to really ensure a better price to the farmers, they did receive additional help from the other bodies set up by the government body (now known as Cocobod) such as a Research Institute, subsidised inputs such as fertilisers and a Quality Control Division. It is these services that, in part, have preserved Ghana's reputation for high quality cocoa.
In the late 1970s the world market price for cocoa plummeted by two thirds. Ghanaian cocoa farmers were getting less than 40% of the world market price from Cocobod and so many stopped producing cocoa altogether. The situation worsened after the droughts and accompanying bush fires of the early 1980s and production in Ghana fell from a third of the world's total in 1972 to just 12% of total world production. At this stage the World Bank and International Monetary Fund intervened with a Structural Adjustment Programme to "rescue" the economy. Although this programme has had quite a negative effect on the lives of the farmers, through the increase in the cost of living and farming inputs, it did include a partial reform of the internal cocoa market. The liberalisation process included granting private companies licenses allowing them to trade cocoa.
There are currently around 1.6 million people involved in growing cocoa and many more in associated industries.
Cocoa is now cultivated in six regions in Ghana: Western, Central, Brong Ahafo, Eastern, Ashanti and the Volta regions. At its peak it accounted for about 66% of the country's foreign exchange though has now declined to around 35 -40%.