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21 Currently, many producers of organic waste streams pay for treatment or disposal of these wastes during which the energy content of the waste stream is lost. Alternatively, these waste streams could be used to produce bio-based energy carriers such as biogas,22 bioethanol,23 H2,24,25 or electricity.26 Waste streams high in protein, carbohydrate, or crude fat can also be used as e-donors for SR27; for example, the distillage from ethanol distilleries28 or a compost manure mix.29 Although complex organic matter (e.g., plant material) cannot be used as an e-donor by SRB directly, fermentative bacteria can degrade these compounds to substrates that SRB are able to utilize (Fig. 2). Currently, organic waste streams are not used as e-donor for high-rate sulfate-reducing bioreactors for many reasons. In many cases, the quantity and quality of the waste streams is not constant. In addition, organic waste streams can contain slowly degradable organic matter or the organic content of these waste streams can be low and therefore, bioreactors would need to be large compared to sulfate-reducing bioreactors that are fed with a bulk chemical as e-donor. The use of organic waste streams as e-donor source in sulfate-reducing bioreactors would be the cheapest and most sustainable option when the waste is concentrated, easily biodegradable, available throughout the year, produced in proximity to the sulfate-containing waste stream, and constant in quality and quantity. However, this is rarely the case.