१. किसी अधिकारी के वेतन का 10% भाग मकान के किराए के रूप में
कट जाता है, शेष का 15% वह बच्चों की शिक्षा पर व्यय करता है,
इसके बाद जो शेष राशि बचती है, उसका 10% वह कपड़ों पर खर्च
करता है, इन सभी खर्चों के बाद उसके पास 4131 रु० बचते हैं,
उसका कुल वेतन कितना है?
Answers
Answer:
WHY DO WE NEED A CONSTITUTION ?
A Constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country. Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory (called citizens) and also the relationship between the people and government. a constitution does many things :
(i) First, it generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together;
(ii) Second, it specifies how the government will be constituted, who will have power to take which decisions;
(iii) Third, it lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are;
(iv) Fourth, it expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.
All countries that have constitutions are not necessarily democratic. But all countries that are democratic will have constitutions. After the War of independence against Great Britain, the Americans gave themselves a constitution. after the Revolution, the French people approved a democratic constitution. Since then it has become a practice in all democracies to have a written constitution.
MAKING OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION
The making of the constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair.
(i) The people of India were emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens.
(ii) The country was born through a partition on the basis of religious differences. Atleast ten lakh people were killed on both sides of the border in partition related violence.
(iii) The British had left it to the rulers of the princely states to decide whether they wanted to merge with Indian or with Pakistan or remain independent. The merger of these princely states was difficult and uncertain task.
(iv) When the constitution was being written, the makers of the constitution had anxieties about the present and the future of the country.
(a) The path to constitution:
(i) Our national movement was not merely a struggle against a foreign rule. It was also a struggle to rejuvenate our country and to transform our society and politics.
(ii) The familiarity with political institutions of colonial rule also helped develop an agreement over the institutional design. the experience gained by Indians in the working of the legislative institutions proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its own institutions.
(iii) Many of our leaders were inspired by the ideals of French Revolutions, the practice of Parliamentary democracy in Britain and Bill of Rights in USA. So they incorporated some good points of the Constitution of these in the Indian Constitution.
(iv) They also got inspiration from the Constitution drafted by Moti Lal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders in 1928, and the outlines of the Indian Constitution prepared by the Indian National Congress at its Karachi session in 1931.
(b) The Constituent Assembly:
The Constitution of India was framed by a Constituent Assembly set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946. The assembly consisted of 389 members representing provinces (292), states (93), the chief commissioner provinces (3) and Baluchistan (1). The assembly held its first meeting on December 6, 1946. It elected Dr. Rajendra Prasad as its Chairman. Soon after the country was divided into India and Pakistan. The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and that of
Pakistan. The Constituent Assembly that wrote the India Constitution had 299 members. The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949 but it came into effect on January 26, 1950. to mark this day we celebrate January 26 as Republic Day every year.
(c) Why should we accept the Constitution made by the Constituent Assembly more than
50 years ago?
(i) The Constitution does not reflect the views of its members alone. it expresses a broad consensus of its time. Many countries of the world have had to rewrite their constitution afresh because the basic rules were not accepted to all major soci