खालील प्रश्नांची थोडक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.
(१) राजकीय पक्षांची ठळक वैशिष्ट्ये स्पष्ट करा
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Explanation:
Panchayat System
One of the salient features of the Indian political system, The Panchayat system of ancient India helps the people of India to cope with the culture of democracy. Panchayat means a council of five and it usually refers to a village council which may or may not have five members- which has a great deal to say about the life of people of the village in social, religious, economic and political matters.
Officially speaking, the panchayat is today the lowest and in a sense the most basic- unit of self-government in India. Today, there exists a three-tier Panchayat System in India, gram panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level and Zila Parishad at the district level.
Federalism
The second feature of the Indian political system is federalism. In India, the centre largely depends on the states for implementing many of public policies which encourages decentralization process. The term ‘federation’ has nowhere been used in the Constitution. Instead, Article 1 of the Constitution describes India as a ‘Union of States’.
The Constitution establishes a dual polity consisting of the Union at the Centre and the states at the periphery. Each is endowed with sovereign powers to be exercised in the field assigned to them respectively by the Constitution. The Constitution divided the powers between the Centre and the states in terms of the Union List, State List and Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule. Both the Centre and the states can make laws on the subjects of the concurrent list, but in case of a conflict, the Central law prevails.
The residuary subjects (ie, which are not mentioned in any of the three lists) are given to the Centre. In this manner, federalism helps the Indians to handle the problems of multi-culture, multi-language and different religions successfully and strengthen the democracy of India.
Electoral Practice
India ensured the voting right of people of India by the Constitution of India which is the supreme law of the country. The framers of the Constitution of India described the election of India in Part XV, Articles 324 to 329 of the Constitution. The article 326 says that elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
Moreover, the Indian government or leaders always arrange the elections after the said tenure. In this approach people always get a chance to exercise their power or to choose their favourite candidate. Not only this but also the Indian government or leaders always showed due respect toward the verdict of the election. India always encouraged electoral practices and showed proper respect toward the verdict of the mass.
This thing increases the political awareness of the people and they realize that they have an important role to play in politics. So, it helps to boost the political participation of the people of India. Thus, since the independence of India, the participation of the people is always growing.
Multi-Party System
India is known for its multi-party system. It is a crucial feature of the political system in India. There are many parties in India ranging from 6 National Political parties and more than 48 state parties and many registered regional parties. The multiparty system in India makes it unique in the world.
In the political system in India, one can find the rightist, centrist, leftist, regional, even local political parties to deal with political issues. In the 1990s there was a different kind of set up emerged in the national and state-level political parties which are called as Coalition Party system which is prevalent in 2014 national elections (coalition among NDA members such as Shiv Sena, BJP, RPI, LJP etc) and many state-level elections such as Maharashtra (a coalition between shiv Sena & BJP), J&K (a coalition between PDP & BJP).
The Political System in India
The political parties are not democratically elected and represented with the system of Indian politics. As the hierarchy system of kinship goes on its rightist, leftist, centrist or whosoever parties it is. E.g. Within congress domination of Nehru-Gandhi Family, Yadav’s domination in Samajwadi Party, RJD, In BJP L.K. Advani & A. B. Bajpayee etc. These political parties are established basically on the similar ideologies of Roti, Kapada, Makan, Bijli, Pani etc i.e. Food, clothes, house, Water, electricity etc.