Kinematics
In kinematics we study how a body moves without knowing why it moves. All particles of a rigid body in
translation motion move in identical fashion hence any of the particles of a rigid body in translation motion can
be used to represent translation motion of the body. This is why, while analyzing its translation motion, a rigid
body is considered a particle and kinematics of translation motion as particle kinematics.
Particle kinematics deals with nature of motion i.e. how fast and on what path an object moves and relates the
position, velocity, acceleration, and time without any reference to mass, force and energy. In other words, it is
study of geometry of motion.
Types of Translation Motion
A body in translation motion can move on either a straight–line path or curvilinear path.
Rectilinear Motion
Translation motion on straight–line path is known as rectilinear translation. It is also known as one–dimensional
motion. A car running on a straight road, train running on a straight track and a ball thrown vertically upwards
or dropped from a height etc are very common examples of rectilinear translation.
Curvilinear Motion
Translation motion of a body on curvilinear path is known as curvilinear translation. If the trajectory is in a
plane, the motion is known as two–dimensional motion. A ball thrown at some angle with the horizontal describes
a curvilinear trajectory in a vertical plane; a stone tied to a string when whirled describes a circular path and an
insect crawling on the floor or on a wall are examples of two–dimensional motion.
If path is not in a plane and requires a region of space or volume, the motion is known as three–dimensional
motion or motion is space. An insect flying randomly in a room, motion of a football in soccer game over
considerable duration of time etc are common examples of three–dimensional motion.
Reference Frame
Motion of a body can only be observed if it changes its position with respect to some other body. Therefore, for
a motion to be observed there must be a body, which is changing its position with respect to other body and a
person who is observing motion. The person observing motion is known as observer. The observer for the
purpose of investigation must have its own clock to measure time and a point in the space attached with the
other body as origin and a set of coordinate axes. These two things the time measured by the clock and the
coordinate system are collectively known as reference frame.
In this way, motion of the moving body is expressed in terms of its position coordinates changing with time.
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