Kinetic and potential energy of continuous systems in terms of degree of freedom
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The energy of a thermodynamic system that is NOT either the kinetic energy or gravitational potential energy of the system as a whole is known as Internal Energy.
The internal energy is associated with the internal degrees of freedom of the system.
For an Ideal Gas, the internal energy is only a function of the gas temperature and is a measure of the mean translational kinetic energy of the gas atoms. These atoms have three translational degrees of freedom, each of which has a mean translational kinetic energy of kT, where k is Boltzman's constant = 1.381 x 10 -23 J/ K. For a mole of gas, there are N atoms (Avogardro's number = 6.022 x 10 23 /mole) and so the internal energy per mole of gas, u, is: u = 3NkT/2 = (3/2) RT , where R is the Gas Constant = 8.314 J/mole.K
For real molecular gases additional degrees of freedom must be considered. Each of the independent translational, rotational and vibrational modes of the syste
The internal energy is associated with the internal degrees of freedom of the system.
For an Ideal Gas, the internal energy is only a function of the gas temperature and is a measure of the mean translational kinetic energy of the gas atoms. These atoms have three translational degrees of freedom, each of which has a mean translational kinetic energy of kT, where k is Boltzman's constant = 1.381 x 10 -23 J/ K. For a mole of gas, there are N atoms (Avogardro's number = 6.022 x 10 23 /mole) and so the internal energy per mole of gas, u, is: u = 3NkT/2 = (3/2) RT , where R is the Gas Constant = 8.314 J/mole.K
For real molecular gases additional degrees of freedom must be considered. Each of the independent translational, rotational and vibrational modes of the syste
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