Question

Knowledge generation process in which social factors are involved is termed as

Answer 1

Knowledge generation can occur formally through directed research and experimental development in academic institutions, firms, and public and nonprofit institutions. Knowledge generation can also occur informally in a working environment through the activities and interactions of actors in an organization or the general economy. People are the critical input for knowledge generation, whether as individual researchers; in research teams; or even in collectives such as organizational subunits, entire organizations, or nation-states.1 Therefore, indicators of knowledge generation focus on attributes of human capital inputs and related outputs. Knowledge can be acquired by using codified (written) sources such as publications or patents, or in tacit form by hiring people with the needed knowledge or participating in networks where the knowledge is stored (Chapter 6 focuses on knowledge embodied in people). Knowledge can be both an intermediate input and a final output and can depreciate over time.2
Knowledge networks link actors, organizations, and technologies in the global economy, revealing new discoveries and transferring knowhow on the development of new techniques, processes, and at times breakthroughs that can be commercialized (Chapter 4 focuses on innovation). Knowledge networks include research collaborations, coinventorships, coauthorships, and strategic alliances.3Knowledge flows transmit across knowledge networks and point to comparative advantage, presence in other markets, and access to foreign technologies. To use acquired knowledge, recipients must have absorptive capacity.4
Knowledge generation, diffusion, and use, as well as conduits for knowledge flows, are all key elements for economic growth (Romer, 1990). Therefore, it is critically important for the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) to produce indicators of these varied dimensions of knowledge at the national, international, and subnational levels.
Quite a few data elements, such as research and development (R&D), patents, bibliometrics, and trade in technology, capture knowledge generation, networks, and flows (referred to as “the three K’s”). NCSES has been collecting these data for several decades in order to publish indicators on these topics, drawing on both its own and other data sources, such as the Bureau of Economic Analysis for data on global multinational R&D activities. International R&D is well covered by NCSES’s Business Research and Development and Innovation Survey (BRDIS). While NCSES has good measures of knowledge creation, however, a number of complex issues remain unaddressed, and challenges for measurement remain in the area of knowledge flows.
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