Question

ko da bayaan thermodynamics Kabul itlak Hai ۔
A) Only to microscopic system
C) Only to homogeneous system
B) Only to macroscopic system
D) Only to heterogeneous system​

Answer 1

Answer:

b option

Explanation:

b option

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Answer 2

Answer:

ABSTRACT

We develop a thermodynamic framework that describes a classical system of interest

S

that is strongly coupled to its thermal environment

E

. Within this framework, seven key thermodynamic quantities—internal energy, entropy, volume, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, heat, and work—are defined microscopically. These quantities obey thermodynamic relations including both the first and second law, and they satisfy nonequilibrium fluctuation theorems. We additionally impose a macroscopic consistency condition: When

S

is large, the quantities defined within our framework scale up to their macroscopic counterparts. By satisfying this condition, we demonstrate that a unifying framework can be developed, which encompasses both stochastic thermodynamics at one end, and macroscopic thermodynamics at the other. A central element in our approach is a thermodynamic definition of the volume of the system of interest, which converges to the usual geometric definition when

S

is large. We also sketch an alternative framework that satisfies the same consistency conditions. The dynamics of the system and environment are modeled using Hamilton’s equations in the full

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