Question

Lack of political structure and civil war were two serious issues African countries faced __________.

Answer 1

Answer:

after european colonisation

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Answer 2

Lack of political structure and civil war were two serious issues African countries faced European Colonisation

Explanation:

• European colonial boundaries led to the post-colonial war as they were simply drawn arbitrarily — or drawn in a manner that prioritized the needs of Europeans — without taking into account the continent's diversity.
• In 1885, at the Berlin Conference, colonial boundaries were drawn through mutual European consent, an agreement which effectively validated European claims to territories acquired by conquest. Since colonial boundaries were always the cornerstone of post-colonial nation-states, societies with ancient rivalries and grievances — and, at least, no shared heritage — were packed into new nation-states.
• The arbitrary post-colonial borders of Europe had also left Africans bundled into nations that did not represent their heritage, a contradiction which continues to trouble them today. As European influence was abolished, disputes frequently erupted over who should rule the new state, with violent results at times.
• The two main ethnic groups in Rwanda, for example, were  the Tutsis and the Hutus. Under Belgian colonial rule, preferential treatment was given to the Tutsis;  prime farmlands, education, and colonial bureaucracy positions were granted to them. This was a deliberate policy based on Belgian understanding of the hierarchies of race and race and the need to to prevent unity against their colonial regime
• Subsequently, it generated a legacy of resentment between the 2 people that repetitively exploded into conflict following independence in the 1960s. It was the backdrop to the unimaginable 1994 massacres of more than 800000 Tutsis.
• Colonial rule also meant that there would be a significant battle for post-colonial leaders to claim their control. It did so by creating States with limited capacity to provide their own territories with services and police. The dysfunctional authoritarian trajectory pursued by so many states during colonial rule was no mistake. This was helped by how Western powers shaped political structures in Africa
• Before colonial rule, many – if not all – African populations existed in fairly tiny groupings which were much smaller than western, authoritarian states. Such cultures have in some cases had not acknowledged a powerful position of central authority at all. This put limitations on the degree to which misuse of power may occur. The low population density meant that if a dictator was unnecessarily exploitative, the people might migrate to another region.
• Colonial rule changed this image fundamentally in two ways. Firstly, it demarcated national boundaries and a structure of central authority along with a wider bureaucracy and security forces. Post-colonial leaders thus coveted the luxury of having power over a large area and a number of cultures. Third, colonial governments  lacked adequate administrators to administer their regions efficiently.