Question

Leaders of the struggle for the liberation of hyderabad and goa

Answer 1

CONDITIONS IN 1820.

Metcalfe who took over as the British Resident in Hyderabad undertook a tour of the Nizam’s dominions to see for himself the conditions of the peasantry. In some areas the mood bordered on insurrection; lawlessness was so rampant that many farmers were fleeing into neighbouring states. Arab and Persian mercenaries had occupied districts, murder and violence was rife. There was practically no civil or judicial administration and justice could be obtained only for money. (PP64) He introduced some reforms. Though the reforms were a success in increasing the revenue they caused friction between local authorities and the British and anyway died a natural death in 1829.

1857 INDIA’S FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.

During this period the role of the Nizam and his 30,000 irregular troops was critical. “The Mohammedans of Nizam’s dominions were in a state of fanatical excitement, while the Hindus were paralysed’, as official history of Hyderabadrecorded. The Governor of Bombay’s famous telegram that “If Hyderabad goes, everything goes’ may have been a slight exaggeration, but there is little doubt that had the Nizam ‘raised the standard of the crescent’, the tide of war would have spilled over into southern India and the history of British Raj might have been entirely different.’ (P81-82.) Hyderabad had stood the test of loyalty by being the first Indian state to put down the mutiny.

1919-1926.

Successive Residents had unearthed growing evidence of corruption, nepotism, maladministration and extraction of money in the form of nazars. The Nizam also used to indulge in procurement of women for his harem from the families of his nobles and gentry by compulsion and the meting out of harsh treatment to those families who thwarted him. P127.

CONGRESS PARTY.

In September 1938, plans were announced to establish a Congress party in Hyderabad. Two days before its launch the government banned it and in October when it planned to launch the first of satyagrahas the government placed its leader Ramananda Tirtha in solitary confinement for 111 days.

Later a unicameral Legislature of 85 members, 43 of them would be elected was announced. Half the elected were to be Hindus and other half Muslims in a state of 90% Hindus. The Nizam had the powers of veto.

 

MIM which stood for Majlis-Ittehad-ul-Muslimen was formed in 1927. Its leader Bahadur Yar Jung believed that Hyderabad should be declared a sovereign Muslim state. When he died in 1944 he passed on the baton to Kasim Razvi, an ex-lawyer from Uttar Pradesh. V.P. Menon would later describe Razvi as a man ‘with gleaming eyes, a beard and a fez, worn at a rakish angle’ and a fanaticism bordering on frenzy. In appearance he was in the words of Campbell Johnson “a mixture of Charlie Chaplin and a minor prophet’ whose megalomania has far outrun his real power”. Razvi later promised that the waters of the Bay of Bengal would wash the feet of Nizam. ‘We are the grandsons of Mahamood Ghanavi and the sons of Babur. When determined, we shall fly the Asaf jahi Flag (Hyderabad flag) on the Red Fort.’ He thundered. It was he who created the Razakars who created mayhem in Hyderabad state.

1947.

If India could be granted Dominion status, within the British Commonwealth, so too the Nizam believed, could Hyderabad.

Of the 562 princely states in Pre-independence India only Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadh held out from joining the Indian Union.

In 1948 Churchill told the parliament that out of the 52 member states of the UN, 20 were smaller and 16 had lesser incomes than Hyderabad.

Answer 2

After the Independence of India in 1947. Goa was still under the Portuguese rule. Being ruled by the Portuguese for around 4th century the Indians were almost tired and restless and wanted to be independent and free. Thus Jawaharlal Nehru India's first prime minister was the key figure in securing India's liberation. He helped guide the movement and made and organised plans that were discussed in international politics in order to help provide independence.  
Moreover, two other important figures have been mentioned in the history. These were Juliao Menezes and Ram Manohar Lohia. These two also helped a lot in freeing Goa from the Portugal rule. 
On the other hand, Hyderabad celebrates its independence on 16th September since 1948. Being under the Nizam rule for quite a long time. The Hyderabadis gained independence after the Indian army fought and made the Nizams surrender. Then they signed the paper of Accession of Indian Union and Hyderabad became a state of the modern day India. All this happened under the rule of Sardar Patel who headed the police in order to ensure the smooth flow of the movement.