Question

lichens are called pioneer colonisers of bare rock. how they help in soil formation?​

Answer 1

Answer:

Lichens grow on the rocks, surface extract minerals from them and this creates small creviees at places where a thin layer of soil builds up.

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Answer 2

• In the context of program evaluations, Value for Money (VfM) is a term used to describe a systematic process of understanding whether an investment (of money, time or other resources) in an intervention represents good value. ... Economy: this is the cost of the program inputs (e.g., people or resources).