Question

Lichens are called pioneer colonizers of bare rock. How can they help im soil formation ?

Answer 1

A lichen is actually two or sometime three inter-dependant (obligate symbiotic)organisms.Lichenscan live in very poor soil or even on bare rock, and break down the rock withoxalic acidto use the minerals in their biological processes. This helps form soil, which then allows a habitat for plants and other organisms that need soil to survive. Most of what the lichen uses to survive is captured from the atmosphere (dust, water, carbon dioxide, etc), so it's major contribution to the soil is adding it's own mass to it when it dies.

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Answer 2

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Lichens grow on the rocks, surface extract minerals from them and this creates small creviees at places where a thin layer of soil builds up.