LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY CLASS 10 NOTES
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Transport
Movement of goods and services can be over three important domains of our earth i.e. land, water and air. Based on these, transport can also be classified into the land, water and air transport. Let’s discuss them in detail:
Roadways
India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 54.7 lakh km. The growing importance of road transport over rail transport is mentioned below:
The construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
Roads can cover more geographically harder locations that cannot be done by the railways.
Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and can be easily built-in traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
Road transport is economical.
It also provides door-to-door service
Road transport provides links between railway stations, air and seaports.
In India, roads are classified in the following six classes according to their capacity.
Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
Golden Quadrilateral is a network of Highways connecting India’s four top metropolitan cities, namely Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai. These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
National Highways
The National highways are a network of trunk roads that are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The historical Sher-Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No.1, between Delhi and Amritsar.
State Highways
Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD).
District Roads
These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
Other Roads
Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.
Border Roads
Border Roads Organisation constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of the type of material used for their construction such as:
Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal. These are all-weather roads.
Unmetalled roads go out of use in the rainy season.
Railways
Railways are the principal mode of transportation for carrying huge loads and bulky goods for long and short distances in India. Railways have become more important in India’s economy. However, rail transport suffers from certain problems as well, which are mentioned below:
Construction of bridges is required across rivers’ wide beds for laying down the railway lines.
In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels.
The Himalayan mountainous regions are also unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to the highest elevation points in the surface, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
It is difficult to lay railway lines on sandy plains.
Pipelines
Pipeline network uses pipes, usually underground, to transport and distribute fluids. These are used to transport water, crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
There are 3 important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.
From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab
From Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh
Waterways
Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment-friendly mode of transport.
The National Waterways in India are:
N.W. No.1 – The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km).
N.W. No.2 – The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km).
N.W. No.3 – The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Kollam, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km).
N.W. No.4 – Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km).
N.W. No.5 – Specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal (588 km).