list and briefly describe the five steps of digestion??? plz. answee
Answers
Answer:
Step 1: Mouth
To more easily absorb different foods, your saliva helps break down what you’re eating and turn it into chemicals called enzymes.
Step 2: Esophagus
Once your food is broken down from saliva and chewing, it moves through your esophagus, which is the pipe that connects your mouth to your stomach. A process called peristalsis – the tightening and relaxation of muscles in the intestine to transport food and waste products – allows food to move more smoothly through the digestive tract. This means that food can only travel in a single direction, so you could stand on your head while eating and food will continue to move through your esophagus to your stomach!
Step 3: Stomach
Your stomach is where food is stored and further broken down by acid and powerful enzymes. From there, food moves into the small intestine.
Step 4: Small Intestine
Most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, where food is broken down even more by enzymes released from the pancreas and bile from the liver. Anything left in the small intestine moves into the large intestine, which is also known as the colon.
Step 5: Large Intestine, Colon, Rectum and Anus
The colon is a 5- to 7-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum. It’s responsible for processing waste. On average, it takes about 36 hours for waste, or stool, to get through the colon and exit the rectum through the anus.
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AnswerIdentify the locations and primary secretions involved in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Compare and contrast absorption of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic nutrients
As you have learned, the process of mechanical digestion is relatively simple. It involves the physical breakdown of food but does not alter its chemical makeup. Chemical digestion, on the other hand, is a complex process that reduces food into its chemical building blocks, which are then absorbed to nourish the cells of the body (Figure 1). In this section, you will look more closely at the processes of chemical digestion and absorption.
This diagram identifies the functions of mechanical and chemical digestion and absorption at each organ. Next to each organ, a callout identifies which steps of digestion take place in that particular organ.
Figure 1. Digestion and Absorption. Digestion begins in the mouth and continues as food travels through the small intestine. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
Large food molecules (for example, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and starches) must be broken down into subunits that are small enough to be absorbed by the lining of the alimentary canal. This is accomplished by enzymes through hydrolysis. The many enzymes involved in chemical digestion are summarized in Table 8.
*These enzymes have been activated by other substances.
The Digestive Enzymes (Table 8)
Enzyme Category Enzyme Name Source Substrate Product
Salivary Enzymes Lingual lipase Lingual glands Triglycerides Free fatty acids, and mono- and diglycerides
Salivary Enzymes Salivary amylase Salivary glands Polysaccharides Disaccharides and trisaccharides
Gastric enzymes Gastric lipase Chief cells Triglycerides Fatty acids and monoacylglycerides
Gastric enzymes Pepsin* Chief cells Proteins Peptides
Brush border enzymes α-Dextrinase Small intestine α-Dextrins Glucose
Brush border enzymes Enteropeptidase Small intestine Trypsinogen Trypsin
Brush border enzymes Lactase Small intestine Lactose Glucose and galactose
Brush border enzymes Maltase Small intestine Maltose Glucose
Brush border enzymes Nucleosidases and phosphatases Small intestine Nucleotides Phosphates, nitrogenous bases, and pentoses
Brush border enzymes Peptidases Small intestine
Aminopeptidase: amino acids at the amino end of peptides
Dipeptidase: dipeptides
Aminopeptidase: amino acids and peptides
Dipeptidase: amino acids
Brush border enzymes Sucrase Small intestine Sucrose Glucose and fructose
Pancreatic enzymes Carboxy-peptidase* Pancreatic acinar cells Amino acids at the carboxyl end of peptides Amino acids and peptides
Pancreatic enzymes Chymotrypsin* Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Peptides
Pancreatic enzymes Elastase* Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Peptides
Pancreatic enzymes Nucleases Pancreatic acinar cells
Ribonuclease: ribonucleic acids
Deoxyribonuclease: deoxyribonucleic acids
Nucleotides
Pancreatic enzymes Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic acinar cells Polysaccharides (starches) α-Dextrins, disaccharides (maltose), trisaccharides (maltotriose)
Pancreatic enzymes Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic acinar cells Triglycerides that have been emulsified by bile salts Fatty acids and monoacylglycerides
Pancreatic enzymes Trypsin* Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Peptides
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