List and explain the types of operating systems.
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An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing file,process, and memory. Thus operating system acts as manager of all the resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus operating system becomes an interface between user and machine.
Types of Operating Systems: Some of the widely used operating systems are as follows-
1. Batch Operating System –
This type of operating system do not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having same requirement and group them into batches. It is the responsibility of operator to sort the jobs with similar needs.Advantages of Batch Operating System:
It is very difficult to guess or know the time required by any job to complete. Processors of the batch systems knows how long the job would be when it is in queue
Multiple users can share the batch systems
The idle time batch system is very less
It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
Batch systems are hard to debug
It is sometime costly
The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank Statements etc.
2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –
Each task has given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets time of CPU as they use single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from single user or from different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to next task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
Each task gets an equal opportunity
Less chances of duplication of software
CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
Reliability problem
One must have to take care of security and integrity of user programs and data
Data communication problem
Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix etc.
3. Distributed Operating System –
These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all-over the world and, that too, with a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate each other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. These systems processors differ in sizes and functions. The major benefit of working with these types of operating system is that it is always possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually present on his system but on some other system connected within this network i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.
Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are independent from each other
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable
Load on host computer reduces
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network
Delay in data processing reduces
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
To establish distributed systems the language which are used are not well defined yet
These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet
Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS etc.
4. Network Operating System –
These systems runs on a server and provides the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These type of operating systems allows shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a small private network. One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual connections etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
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