LIST ANY 5 CALCULATING DEVICES AND EXPLAIN ITS USAGE
Answers
Answer:
calculating machine.
abacus - a calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods or in grooves.adder
- a machine that adds numbers.adding machine, totaliser, totalizer -
a calculator that performs simple arithmetic functions.
Answer:
Pls mark me as brainliest.
Explanation:
Stonehenge
In truth, the interpretation of Stonehenge as an astronomical calculator is, at best, controversial. Interpreting it as an observatory is much less controversial, although there is much difference of opinion on the probable purpose of observations made from the site.
One thing is certain, you can tell the time of day and the season of the year by where shadows fall and by where the sun, moon, and prominent constellations are observed, relative to the stones. (Some have called Stonehenge a giant astrolabe, although the moving parts would be people using it, in such a comparison.)
Which brings me to the first leg of my working definition of a computer:
A (generally physical) device which is
capable of receiving some sort of input
capable of producing some sort of output
and capable of deriving the output from the input
and, of course, there were procedures, functions, and protocols in its use
Interpreting Stonehenge as a computer by this definition is perhaps stretching definitions a bit. However, it clearly can be used as a physical aid to the computation of the positions of celestial objects.
And this is precisely the function that even modern supercomputers perform, to aid us in our computations.
It may be a little hard to see the trees for the forest, but input is the observation of the stars through the stones. Processing is in the observer, properly positioned, as is output. Storage is the stones themselves, but also the memory of the observer.
The abacus
If you go looking around for early examples of calculating devices, one commonly mentioned device is the abacus. I think many people would complain if we call it a computer, or even a calculator, again, because it is not in the same form as the devices we commonly apply the terms to. But it cannot be denied that we can use it to aid our calculations (and, therefore, our computations).
Analyzing it as a computer, we see that the input device, the storage device, and the output device are combined, and the processing function is obtained by user interaction with the abacus.
In other words, the beads or disks are where the numbers are stored. Input is directly from finger to storage, and has some rules that the user must follow. Calculation at the same time as the input, according to the rules:
Move the beads.
If there aren't enough beads to move,
record a carry/borrow in the next column and
move the beads the other direction.
Output is directly from storage (beads) to eyeball.
The difficulty in perceiving the abacus as a computer is that none of the functions are automatic, and all the modern computers we see around us are very automatic. At least, they perform a whole lot of operations without human intervention, where the abacus requires human intervention at every step.
An abacus may be built with ten beads per column for decimal arithmetic, or eight for octal, sixteen for hexadecimal, or, really, any number of beads per column for any arbitrary numeric base.
A variation common in Japan is a split column with, say, four below (to count ones) and one above (to count fives), to reduce the number of beads and make unintended bead motion less likely, but also to aid in certain "tricks" (mathematical games that speed certain calculations) which the student would learn from the master.
A common variation in China was two or three fives beads and five ones beads, which aided in certain tricks with lazy carries.
(It may be stating the obvious, but the number and arrangement of the beads allowed a certain degree of customization in the construction of an abacus, ergo, programability.)
The abacus is definitely an aid to computation. Again, unless we include some implicit hidden requirements in the definition,
abacus + user = computer system
Even more so, if the user has a paper and pen to record his or her results.
(For what it's worth, the English word "calculator" shares roots in the Latin for "abacus".)
Astrolabes, and similar devices