Question

. List any two characteristics of division Pteridophyta that shows they are the most advanced cryptogams.

Answer 1

Pteridophytes (Gr. pteron= feather, phyton = plant) constitute the most primitive seedless vascular plants that reproduce by means of spores.

Hence, they are known as ‘vascular cryptogams’. Haeckel (1866) called these groups of plants as “Pteridophytes” because of their pinnate or feather like fronds (leaves).

Like reptiles (first true land animals that evolved after amphibian) they are considered as the first true land plants that evolved after bryophytes. Hence pteridophytes are some time called “Botanical Snakes” or “Snakes of plant kingdom.” They are also sometime called as “Amphibians is of plant kingdom” because like bryophytes they depend on an external source of water for fertilization.

There are about 11,000 species of living Pteridophytes are known ranging from small aquatic plant to giant tree ferns of tropical forests. Fossil records indicate that they evolved about 400 million years back i.e. in the Silurian period of late Paleozoic era. Hence late Paleozoic can be regarded as “Age of Pteridophytes.” Tippo (1942) has placed them in Tracheophyta or Tracheata because these plants first developed vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) where the tracheary elements appear like human trachea.

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Answer 2

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➧Subkingdom Cryptogamae divided into three groups:-▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃▃⤵

❶❫ Thallophyta:-        ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬☟

①❭ Plants body remains in the form of Undifferentiated.

②❭ Vascular System is Absent.

③❭ Mode of nutrition is Phototrophic & Autotrophic.

④❭ Reproduction is both Sexual & Asexual.

⑤❭ Asexual reproduction takes place by Spore formation.

⑥❭ Fertilization is not followed by Embryo formation.

▶Ex:- Spirogyra, Ulva, Fucus, Volvax & Chara

❷❫ Bryophyta:-     ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬☟

①❭ Plant body is not differentiated into true roots, steam & leaves.

②❭ Non-vascular plant are not developed.

③❭ Fixation by rhzoids.

④❭ Gametophyte are the main plant.

⑤❭ They are the first & Simplest land plants.

⑥❭ Water is required for fertilization.

▶Ex:- Funaria, Riccia, Anthoceros, Notothylus & Sphagnum

❸❫ Pteridophyta:-     ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬☟

①❭ Plant body is differentiated into true roots, steam & leaves.

②❭ Vascular plant are developed.

③❭ Fixation by roots.

④❭ Sporophyte are the main plant.

⑤❭ They are the first truly Terrestrial & vascular cryptogams.

⑥❭ Water is needed for fertilization.

▶Ex:- Azolla, Dryopteris, Marsilea, Lycopodium & Equisetum

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