Question

list major challenges faced by the pious caliphates during their rule​

Answer 1

Answer:

A caliphate is an Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph can also be small groups within a country.About this sound pronunciation, a person considered a politico-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world. Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.