List out the public distribution agencies exists in Kerala?
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PRIOR TO 1997: The Universal PDS System In Kerala.
It is well known that Kerala had one of the best run and most effective PDS networks in India. Prior to the introduction of targeting, Kerala was the only state in India with near-universal coverage of the PDS.
• In 1991, around 95 per cent of all households were covered by the PDS and possessed a ration card.Though the number of ration cards issued alone does not necessarily translate to mean that all these card-holders are using the ration cards, this is the measure used by most studies to calculate the reach and coverage of the PDS and Kerala’s PDS was internationally acclaimed as being a model system worth emulating by the other states in the country.
• Secondly, the quantity of food grain purchased from the PDS has been higher than in most other states, making a significant contribution to household nutrition. According to one study in 1989, the quantity of food- grains per person per year distributed through the PDS was 5 kg in Haryana, 6 kg in Uttar Pradesh, 8 kg in Bihar, 9 kg in Madhya Pradesh, 23 kg in West Bengal and 52 kg in Kerala. By 1991, according to one calculation, the average amount of rice and wheat bought per consumer from the ration system in Kerala was 69.6 kg. The annual purchase of grain from the PDS in Kerala provides about one-half of the cereal requirements of a person.
• Thirdly, the monthly entitlement of food grain per adult was 13.8 kg in Kerala (or 460 grams per day), satisfying the minimum requirement of 370 gms of cereals per person per day recommended by the Indian Council of Medical Research.
• Fourthly, the functioning of ration shops and the delivery system has been better than in other parts of the country and this is reflected in consumer surveys. Given the scale and effectiveness of the PDS, it has been noted that the PDS has contributed to an improvement in consumption and nutrition in Kerala.
Kerala is a food deficit state-this means that the agricultural production is geared towards cash crops instead of food crops like rice and wheat. “Food production is inadequate in Kerala, where the trend has been dwindling paddy cultivation and the extension of cultivated area under cash crops. Some farmers in Kerala have switched to producing rubber since rubber prices raised to a record 123 rupees a kilo in Kerala after crude oil prices more than doubled in a year, according to the government's Rubber Board. The state accounts for more than 90 percent of the natural rubber produced in India, the world's fourth-biggest grower.viii The tropical climate in Kerala is ideal for rubber, helping growers achieve an average
yield of 1,879 kilograms a hectare, the highest in the world. The area producing rubber has almost doubled to 494,400 hectares during the past 25 years, according to the Planning Board. Still, government curbs on converting paddy land to cash crops ensure that farmers are holding back. The State had, however, learned to cope with the fact that it was not self-sufficient in food-grain production by maintaining what has often been hailed as the most effective public distribution system (PDS) in the country, which ensures access to food- grains to almost the entire population using imports from other States.”ix
It is well known that Kerala had one of the best run and most effective PDS networks in India. Prior to the introduction of targeting, Kerala was the only state in India with near-universal coverage of the PDS.
• In 1991, around 95 per cent of all households were covered by the PDS and possessed a ration card.Though the number of ration cards issued alone does not necessarily translate to mean that all these card-holders are using the ration cards, this is the measure used by most studies to calculate the reach and coverage of the PDS and Kerala’s PDS was internationally acclaimed as being a model system worth emulating by the other states in the country.
• Secondly, the quantity of food grain purchased from the PDS has been higher than in most other states, making a significant contribution to household nutrition. According to one study in 1989, the quantity of food- grains per person per year distributed through the PDS was 5 kg in Haryana, 6 kg in Uttar Pradesh, 8 kg in Bihar, 9 kg in Madhya Pradesh, 23 kg in West Bengal and 52 kg in Kerala. By 1991, according to one calculation, the average amount of rice and wheat bought per consumer from the ration system in Kerala was 69.6 kg. The annual purchase of grain from the PDS in Kerala provides about one-half of the cereal requirements of a person.
• Thirdly, the monthly entitlement of food grain per adult was 13.8 kg in Kerala (or 460 grams per day), satisfying the minimum requirement of 370 gms of cereals per person per day recommended by the Indian Council of Medical Research.
• Fourthly, the functioning of ration shops and the delivery system has been better than in other parts of the country and this is reflected in consumer surveys. Given the scale and effectiveness of the PDS, it has been noted that the PDS has contributed to an improvement in consumption and nutrition in Kerala.
Kerala is a food deficit state-this means that the agricultural production is geared towards cash crops instead of food crops like rice and wheat. “Food production is inadequate in Kerala, where the trend has been dwindling paddy cultivation and the extension of cultivated area under cash crops. Some farmers in Kerala have switched to producing rubber since rubber prices raised to a record 123 rupees a kilo in Kerala after crude oil prices more than doubled in a year, according to the government's Rubber Board. The state accounts for more than 90 percent of the natural rubber produced in India, the world's fourth-biggest grower.viii The tropical climate in Kerala is ideal for rubber, helping growers achieve an average
yield of 1,879 kilograms a hectare, the highest in the world. The area producing rubber has almost doubled to 494,400 hectares during the past 25 years, according to the Planning Board. Still, government curbs on converting paddy land to cash crops ensure that farmers are holding back. The State had, however, learned to cope with the fact that it was not self-sufficient in food-grain production by maintaining what has often been hailed as the most effective public distribution system (PDS) in the country, which ensures access to food- grains to almost the entire population using imports from other States.”ix
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