Question

list the element more vulnerable to earthquake

Answer 1

Vulnerability relates to a number of factors, including:

Physical factors

e.g. poor design and construction of buildings, unregulated land use planning, etc.

Social factors

e.g. poverty and inequality, marginalisation, social exclusion and discrimination by gender, social status, disability and age (amongst other factors) psychological factors, etc.

Economic factors

e.g. the uninsured informal sector, vulnerable rural livelihoods, dependence on single industries, globalisation of business and supply chains, etc.

Environmental factors

e.g. poor environmental management, overconsumption of natural resources, decline of risk regulating ecosystem services, climate change, etc.

Answer 2

Option Benefit/

cost range

Benefit

Earthquake scenarios I-10 Facilitates planning for the expected

and the unexpected

Building codes 1-1,000 Prevents collapse of buildings; protects

life, reduces injuries

Standards and

guidelines

1-1,000 Protects community infrastructure

Siting criteria

for land use

1-10 Avoids surface fault rupture, soil

failure, and soil-structure resonance

Relocation

and rerouting

1-10 Reduces likelihood for damage to

important facilities

Demolition 1-1,000 Eliminates collapse hazards and

potential for loss of life

Retrofit, strengthening

upgrading, and repair

1-100 Prevents collapse, eliminates

vulnerabilities, and reduces damage

Performance-based

design

1-100 Prevents loss of function and use

Base isolation 1-100 Ensures continued functioning of

essential and critical structures

Soil remediation 1-100 Prevents liquefaction, landslides, and

lateral spreading

Protective works I-10 Prevents release of hazardous

materials

Change in use I-10 Reduces likelihood of loss of function

Change in building

density

1-I 0 Lowers the risk to people

Insurance 1-

1,000,000

Spreads the risk and enhances

recovery; hope for fostering mitigation

in the future

Public-private

partnerships

1-10 Spreads the responsibility

Training 1-10 Expands the capability of professionals

Non-structural mitigation 1-100,000 Protects equipment and contents;

ensures use.

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