List two methodologies which were involved in human genome project. Mention how they were used
Answers
In total, the 'International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium', as the Human Genome Project team was known, involved scientists from 20 institutions in six countries: France, Germany, Japan, China, the UK and the USA (the full list can be found below).
Answer:
Some of the important techniques used in the human genome project are as follow:
(а) DNA Sequencing are the sequencing methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a molecule of DNA. There are two common methods namely Maxam Gilbert technique which uses chemicals to cleave DNA into fragments at specific bases; or, most commonly, the Sanger technique.It is also called the di-deoxy or chain-terminating method. It uses DNA polymerase to make new DNA chains, in the presence of di- deoxynucleotides chain terminators to stop the chain randomly as it grows. In both cases, the DNA fragments are separated according to length by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This enables the sequence to be read directly from the gel.
(b) Employment of Restriction Fragment-Length Polymorphisms (RFLP).
(c) Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC) is a vector (carrier) created and used in the laboratory to clone pieces of DNA. A YAC is constructed from the telomeric, centromeric, and replication origin sequences needed for replication in yeast cells. The telomere is the end of the chromosome; the centromere is the chromosome region to which spindle fibers attach during cell division; and the replication origin sequences are the spots where the replication of DNA starts.
(d) Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) is a large segment of DNA (100,000—200,000 bp) from another species cloned into bacteria. After the foreign DNA has been cloned into the host bacteria, many copies of it can be made. It is a large insert cloning vector capable of handling large segments of cloned DNA, typically around 150 kb. BACs can be propagated in laboratory strains of Escherichia coli. These vectors are helpful in the construction of genomic libraries for genome scale sequencing projects.
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