List two ways for sustainable development.
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
Some of the important measures for sustainable development are as follows:
(i) Technology:
(ii) Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle Approach:
(iii) Promoting Environmental Education and Awareness:
(iv) Resource Utilization as Per Carrying Capacity:
(v) Improving Quality of Life Including Social, Cultural and Economic Dimensions:
Fragile states are characterized by protracted crises, recurrent violent conflict and weak or corrupt governance. Fragile geographies are either the most vulnerable locations within fragile states or those areas in more stable environments that are subject to ongoing conflict and climate effects. They are also home to most of the world’s 60 million people forced to flee their homes due to conflict, a staggering statistic, higher now than at any time since the Second World War. Contributing to this instability, many fragile states are terrorized by notorious non-state actors, such as the Islamic State, Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab.
Extreme poverty is concentrated in fragile states. At present, the 50 countries on the OECD’s list of fragile states account for 43% of people living in extreme poverty. By 2030, unless the SDGs make progress, this percentage is projected to rise to 62%.
To meet the challenges of the SDGs, the international community must strategically engage underdevelopment in the most complex – and often dangerous – environments. In short, fragile states represent the “new normal” of development in the 21st century.
Unfortunately, the international system is poorly suited to meet this challenge. The aid architecture largely stems from the birth of the United Nations in 1945. Without doubt, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was a pivotal achievement, as was the founding of key international agencies: the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The architecture and financing mechanisms are showing their age. Centralization has contributed to bureaucratic sclerosis and a top-down approach that strangles innovation and flexibility. As if this were not bad enough, the system is perennially underfunded: for example, the UN appeal for the regional Syria response is funded at only
1. Build engagement in fragile states around long-term strategies that integrate humanitarian and development approaches. The decades-old division of humanitarian response and development assistance is inefficient and outdated. Development progress in fragile states is not linear: it will be chronically interrupted by crises, often resulting in backsliding. Rather than organizing international efforts around the artificial sequencing of humanitarian and development programmes, we need to be more strategic, investing in multi-year strategies that transcend the humanitarian and development divide. The goal of these efforts, ultimately, is to improve the resilience of communities to anticipated crises.
For example, in the drought-prone Karamoja region of northern Uganda, weaning communities off food aid and improving agricultural and livestock productivity must be paired with efforts to make them less susceptible to the next drought. Improving the accuracy and transparency of early warning systems is one response. Upgrading infrastructure so that supplies can move more quickly between isolated communities is another. And where incomes are growing, encouraging savings so that locals can better absorb a shock will be vital to ensuring they survive a crisis and recover quickly after it has passed.
2. Shift away from a centralized approach to engaging and empowering local systems. The humanitarian system must decentralize, become more flexible and less UN-centric. We must leverage the resources and expertise of local communities, businesses and regional governments, who precede international aid organizations and will be there long after we have gone.
Take the case of Lebanon, which is shouldering a refugee crisis of vast scale. Approximately 1.5 million Syrian refugees have crowded in, now accounting for approximately 30% of its total population. Refugees are placing immense pressures on social services and schools, and tensions between host communities and refugees are on the rise. Because political gridlock hampers the ability of the national government to respond, Lebanese municipalities have borne the brunt. These municipalities are on the frontline of the refugee crisis; they must be supported. Rather than establish humanitarian structures that parallel and exclude local governments, the international community must be more agile, identifying where the needs and capacities are, and strategically developing the partnerships that can be most effective.