Lithosphere and atmosphere and magma
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Explanation: Lithosphere (Land)
The lithosphere is made up of all the hard and solid land mass on the earth’s surface, the semi-solid rocks (molten materials) underneath the earth crust, and the liquid rocks in the inner core of the earth. The surface of the lithosphere is uneven as it is characterized by various landform features. Some of the landforms include mountains like the Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Vesuvius in Italy, deep valleys within the mountain ranges, huge plains like the ones in Texas and Brazil, extensive plateaus like Bolivian plateau in South America and the Colorado plateau of the United States, and hills like the black hills.
The liquid, semi-solid, and solid land components of the lithosphere form layers that are chemically and physically different. This is why the lithosphere is further divided into sub-spheres namely the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. The crust is made of loose soil and rocks. The mantle is made of dense rock made up of nickel and iron in the form of silicate rocks and its lower part is semi-solid (partially molten) rocks.
The outer core is made up of liquid (purely molten) rock materials. The inner core is the centre of the earth which is purely made of very hot and liquid iron and nickel. The rock materials are divided into three primary categories based on how they are formed namely igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.
Atmosphere (Air)
All the air in the atmosphere makes up the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), and other gasses (about 1%) such as carbon dioxide (0.039%), argon (0.93%) and the rest are trace gases (krypton, neon, helium , and xenon). The higher the atmosphere, the thinner it becomes and this trait gradually moves towards space. The atmosphere extends all the way from the earth’s crust to more than 6200 miles (10,000 kilometers) above the earth’s surface into space. The atmosphere is divided into several layers and amongst the layers is the stratosphere that contains the ozone layer which protects the organisms in the biosphere from the sun’s harmful radiation.
Other layers of the atmosphere include the troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and the exosphere. These atmospheric layers exhibit different chemical compositions and temperatures, and the temperatures and chemical compositions widely vary within the different layers. The troposphere is where most of the weather happens and it becomes colder with altitude. The air is in constant motion around the planet and it is normally responsible for some natural events in the planet such as local breeze, winds, tornado, and tropical cyclones. The atmosphere is always in constant interaction with the hydrosphere, giving rise to the planets weather conditions.
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