Major innovations made from the establishment of abacus to the present 5th computer generation
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Roman Empire
The ancient Romans developed an Abacus, the first "machine" for calculating. While it predates the Chinese abacus we do not know if it was the ancestor of that Abacus. Counters in the lower groove are 1 x 10n, those in the upper groove are 5 x 10n
Industrial Age - 1600
John Napier, a Scottish nobleman and politician devoted much of his leisure time to the study of mathematics. He was especially interested in devising ways to aid computations. His greatest contribution was the invention of logarithms. He inscribed logarithmic measurements on a set of 10 wooden rods and thus was able to do multiplication and division by matching up numbers on the rods. These became known as Napier’s Bones.
1621 - The Sliderule
Napier invented logarithms, Edmund Gunter invented the logarithmic scales (lines etched on metal or wood), but it was William Oughtred, in England who invented the sliderule. Using the concept of Napier’s bones, he inscribed logarithms on strips of wood and invented the calculating "machine" which was used up until the mid-1970s when the first hand-held calculators and microcomputers appeared.
1642 - Blaise Pascal(1623-1662)
Blaise Pascal, a French mathematical genius, at the age of 19 invented a machine, which he called the Pascaline that could do addition and subtraction to help his father, who was also a mathematician. Pascal’s machine consisted of a series of gears with 10 teeth each, representing the numbers 0 to 9. As each gear made one turn it would trip the next gear up to make 1/10 of a revolution. This principle remained the foundation of all mechanical adding machines for centuries after his death. The Pascal programming language was named in his honor.
1673 - Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716)
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented differential and integral calculus independently of Sir Isaac Newton, who is usually given sole credit. He invented a calculating machine known as Leibniz’s Wheel or the Step Reckoner. It could add and subtract, like Pascal’s machine, but it could also multiply and divide. It did this by repeated additions or subtractions, the way mechanical adding machines of the mid to late 20th century did. Leibniz also invented something essential to modern computers — binary arithmetic.
It was Howard Aiken, in 1947, who made the rather short-sighted comment to the effect that the computer is a wonderful machine, but I can see that six such machines would be enough to satisfy all the computing needs of the entire United States.
1946 – ENIAC - J. Prosper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980)
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