Question

Make a Chronogram on ‘Entry of Europeans in India’.

Answer 1

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The coming of Europeans to India

The coming of Europeans to India

Commercial contacts between India and Europeans were very old via the land route but there were various shortcomings of Land-based routes like multiple taxations, theft, conflicts with tribes/kingdoms etc. Therefore in 1494, Columbus of Spain started for India in search of a Sea Route and discovered America instead. In 1498, Vasco da Gama of Portugal discovered a new sea route from Europe to India. He reached Calicut by sailing around Africa via the Cape of Good Hope. This was the first arrival of European in India by Sea route.

Europeans in India

Sequence of an establishment of European Companies

1. Portuguese (1498)

2. English East India Company (1600)

3. Dutch East India Company (1602)

4. Danish East India Company (1616)

5. French East India Company (1664)

Why Europeans came to India?

Trade in Agro-based product like Cotton and handicrafts was the major reason which led to the advent of Europeans.

India was the major source of the spices. Some spices have antibiotic properties and they were also used to preserve the food.

Sea routes were discovered in order to reduce conflicts, taxation etc. which were generally faced during land-based journey.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

The arrival at Calicut on 20 May 1498 of Vasco Da Gama opened a sea route from Eastern Europe. Subsequently, India became a center for Europe's trade & a sphere of European ambition to expand its hegemony on Spice Islands, the source of multiple naval battles.

Chronology

Portuguese

• Had come to to take away the spice trade from the "Arab traders"
• 1509 Albuquerque had become the governor and subsequently ruler of Bijapur in 1510 after Goa had become a Portuguese settlement
• By the end of the sixteenth century in India, Portuguese presence decreased as France, England & Dutch naval & economic powers had rendered the Portuguese & Spanish trade monopoly a heavy competition.
• At the time that the Marathas captured Salsette & Bassein, around the 17th century,  in 1739, they had lost most of their possessions in India  save Goa, Diu, and Daman. The  Portuguese people stayed in the settlements for brief periods and  then returned to Portugal

French

• The company was founded in the year 1664 as French East India.
• Surat was the first French plant in India.
• The French business was founded, funded and regulated by the state  
• The French governor in India was Duplex (1742).
• In Duplex the strategy of increasing the colonial hegemony in India began and a series of disputes led to Carnatic Wars with the British .
• The 1760 war at Wandiwash against East India was a decisive struggle in India for the French survival, whereby most their possessions were destroyed in India.

Dutch

• In 1602, the Netherlands East India Company was established.
• In Masulipattinam, Karaikal, Nagapattinam, Pulicat, Surat, Chinsura and Kasimbazar the Netherlands founded their settlements.
• Netherlands' exports from India were cotton, indigo, saltpetre,  opium, & raw silk.
• The company was the first to sell shares.
• They emerged as the most powerful power in "European trade" in the "East" in the 17th century BC.
• Pulicat was the primary hub of the Netherlands in India & later Nagapattinam.
• The main interests of the Dutch were Indonesian islands of   Sumatra, Java & the spices produced on the "Spice Islands".
• In 1667, the Netherlands agreed to leave English colonies alone in India, while English gave Indonesia every word.
• By the end of the nineteenth century Dutch economic activities began to decline. The Bedera Battle in the year 1759 with the English had come  to an end.
• Short sited "commercial policy" that was based on spices trade was also a major cause of Dutch's decline

British

• The British first reach the Indian subcontinent as spice merchants. Before modern times, spices were the main means for the preservation of meat in Europe. The subcontinent was then taken to the Empire with more advanced & powerful weapons. In order to trade, the British arrived in the Indian subcontinent in Surat port on 24th August in the year 1608 AD, however in 7 years British recipients received a Royal order to set up a plant in Surat under Sir Thomas Roe. The East India Company also received similar approval from the Vijayanagara Empire in Madras to build its 2nd factory.
• The British eventually dominated the other "European trading"business and saw its Indian trading companies expand dramatically over the years. Many commercial posts were set up along India's eastern & western shores and significant English community was founded around Calcutta , Bombay, and Madras, three presidential towns. Mostly, Indigo dye, Tea, Cotton, Silk, & opium were traded. Twenty years later, by building a factory in Kolkata the company expanded its reach to the East in India.
• During their time as a business group, they realized that the whole Indian Subcontinent is scattering into the modern world under provincial Kingdoms. The East India Company began to participate in "Indian politics"in the 1750s. In 1757, one of his military officers, Robert Clive, vanquished the forces of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah, at the Battle in Plassey. The ECI saw its prosperity & transformed it from a trading enterprise to a governing enterprise.
• In 1858 after the 1st War Independence in the year 1857 also known as the 1857 Rebellion, the rule of the ECI was concluded. The British Crown overtook the direct rule of India after the abolition of the ECI from India and introduced the so-called British Raj.

Danish

• The Danes were an East India Company and in in the year 1616 they came to India.
• Serampore in Bengal was a significant Danish settlement in India, and also its headquarters in India.
• In India they were unable to establish themselves, and in the year 1845 they eventually sold all their Indian colonies to the British.
• They concentrated more on missionary work.

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