Question

make a comparative study of Mesopotamian and harappan civilization (class 9 standard)​

Answer 1

Explanation:

Both civilizations flourished in similar periods and shared many geographical, cultural, and political elements in common.

The ancient Mesopotamian civilizations were located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, while Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were both located in the valley of the Indus river. Thus both civilizations were highly dependent on rivers for irrigation.

Both civilizations were agricultural (as opposed to hunter-gatherer) and required large groups of people to coordinate complex schemes of irrigation in order to produce sufficient food.

Both of these civilizations were highly urbanized, with sophisticated transport and economic networks enabling them to raise food in the surrounding areas in order to support wealthy cities with advanced crafts, artistic production, sophisticated religions, technology, and government bureaucracies. 

Both of the civilizations had some form of writing. Although Mesopotamian writing has been deciphered, the Indus script, which evolved in the same period and was in widespread use, has not been deciphered, meaning that we know much less about the Indus civilizations than we do about Mesopotamia. 

Both had polytheistic religions, although less is known of the Indus one due to the lack of deciphered written texts. 

There are a number of similarities between the ancient river civilizations of Mesopotamia and Harappa.  Both civilizations relied on a  fertile river valley to support agriculture.  The importance of managing the river through irrigation and canal systems was of paramount concern for both river civilizations.  They harvested enough crops to create a surplus of goods to trade with one another. Both civilizations were at the mercy of unpredictable rivers that routinely flooded, causing tremendous property damage.  The two civilizations were politically and economically developed enough to support large urban areas that were technologically advanced for the time.  The religion of all of the ancient civilizations was polytheistic with special gods worshiped to control the rivers. Both civilizations developed writing systems to manage tax collection and commerce.  

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