Make a flow chat with the help of the given data :
Material coming along with wave s
Natural. Articical man made A)plants a) chemicals B Aquatic animals b metals
C conches and shells. C plastics.
D glass
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Nigeria is a country endowed with human, natural and mineral resources and one of these natural endowments is seashells (Chang, 2002; Dolley, 2003; Ogogo, 2004). Seashells contain a high proportion of calcium carbonate which if properly utilized can immensely contribute to any nation’s economic growth (Firoz et al., 2003; Keller, 2002). Seashells have found wide application on global scale in the area of medicine, trade, art and architecture, music and communication, agriculture, religion and domestic uses. In the United States of America alone, lime obtained from seashells ranks among 50th industrial chemical products, with about $32.3 million dollars annual output (Davis and Fitzgerald et al., 2004; Claude, 2002). In Nigeria however, the use of seashells is only limited on the domestic scale alone, as most of the teeming population only utilize it for domestic consumption due to its proteinous and mineral content (Chang, 2002) while the shells are constantly thrown away as wastes in spite of their valuable economic minerals content (Claude, 2002). Also, in recent times, there has been persistent agitation by various interest groups in Nigeria for resource control. There has also been great concern for the exploitation of the natio’s abundant solid mineral deposits to reduce the pressure on oil. It is therefore desirable to investigate other ways of generating revenue from our abundant natural resources. One of these ways could be exploitation of shells from seashells deposit for our growing industries especially the glass industry. The basic glass making raw materials are sand (Silica), lime, soda ash and colouring agents (Dolley, 2004; Freestone, 2005). While sand (Silica) is a glass former and constitutes 60-90% of any commercial glass product. Lime and soda ash act as stabilizer and fluxes in any glass batch (i.e., resistance to chemical attack and lowering of silic’s melting temperature from 1500°C to 1350°C, respectively) and constitute 10-15% of any glass batch and colouring agent 2-5% (Heck and Hoffmann, 2002; Shackelford and Doremus, 2008). Over the years, limestone has been the major source of lime for the glass industries, however, since the large deposit of limestone in Nigeria is not suitable for glass making due to high Iron oxide content (David, 2005). The objective of this study is therefore, to investigate the suitability of seashells deposits in from the Great Kwa River as alternative source of lime for the growing glass making industry in Nigeria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling: Five different species of seashells samples (Tympanostonus fuscatus, Pachymelonia aurita, Thais coronata, Egeria radiata and Lanister varicus) were collected randomly from the Great Kwa River and its environs (Osuala, 1990). The sampling was carried out between the months of September and December to reflect the late dry season periods when tidal waves influence on the estuary by the Atlanta Ocean is at low level (Asuquo et al., 1999). The collected seashell samples were separated according to their species and put into sample bags (calico bags) and labeled A, B, C, D and E to distinguished them from each other as shown in Table 1 and Plates 1-5. The labeled samples were then taken to the laboratory for pretreatment.
Sample pretreatment: The five samples under investigation were each scrubbed with brush and placed in a plastic bucket, thoroughly washed with distill water and their fleshy parts removed and discarded leaving behind the shell parts. These shell parts were further wash thoroughly in warm water (to remove the remaining fleshy part) and finally rinsed in distilled water. After washing, the samples were then air-dried in the open for one week and finally dried in the oven at a temperature of 110°C for six hours (Allen, 1974).
After drying in the oven, the samples were each homogenized by crushing into fine grains using a crusher- Mangan Model BB200. The crushed fine grains particles were further sieved using a 120 mm mesh to ensure homogeneity of particles size. To avoid contamination of samples, the crusher and mesh were repeatedly washed and rinsed with distilled water each time a new sample was to be crushed and sieved. The pulverized samples were each poured in a clean-dried transparent polythene bag and sealed, to avoid further absorption of moisture from the atmosphere.