make a project report about the laboratories of different countries that are in fore front of making the vaccine for Corona virus
matter shoud be 4-5 pages
Answers
Explanation:
Bhai koi aur topic de de
Answer:
Explanation:
Vaccines are frequently collaborative efforts across sectors of society, with private pharmaceutical firms teaming up with public health agencies or university labs. For instance, a recently approved Ebola vaccine was ultimately developed by multinational pharmaceutical company Merck but also involved Canadian and U.S. public health agencies, a tiny Iowa-based biotech firm, U.S. Defense Department researchers, and the WHO. Here are snapshots of some of the major players in the COVID-19 race.
Governments. Public health agencies play critical roles in vaccine research, supplying funds to develop a COVID-19 vaccine. For example, the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), pledged hundreds of millions of dollars to assist the development of vaccines by Moderna and Johnson & Johnson. And the NIH, also within HHS, has partnered with more than a dozen major pharmaceutical companies to coordinate accelerated COVID-19 vaccine research. The European Commission is also funding several candidates [PDF]; and in a virtual summit hosted by the European Union, world leaders, organizations, and banks pledged $8 billion for vaccine research. In China, the government is closely overseeing efforts on its territory, with state-owned firms making up about two-fifths of the country’s vaccine industry.
International institutions. The WHO and other multilateral institutions such as the World Bank are focused on financing and manufacturing a COVID-19 vaccine for global use, in particular to ensure fair allocation among all countries. Also at the forefront of multilateral efforts is CEPI, a global alliance that was founded by Norway, India, the Gates Foundation, the UK-based Wellcome Trust, and the World Economic Forum. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance—also founded by the Gates Foundation—is a public-private partnership; it focuses on improving vaccine access for lower-income countries.
Private sector. The pharmaceutical industry is driving much of the push toward a vaccine. Companies ranging from biotech start-ups to giants such as Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, and Sinopharm are rapidly shifting their research and development (R&D) efforts to focus on COVID-19. While early research into a vaccine candidate typically receives government funding, such as NIH grants in the case of the United States, the bulk of financing for clinical development generally comes from private sources.
Research institutions and nonprofits. The majority of COVID-19 vaccine candidates involve a university or college assisting in preclinical research or clinical trials. In the case of the University of Oxford’s candidate, the research team was already working on vaccines for an unknown disease that could cause a pandemic. In January, the group zeroed in on COVID-19, and now they are conducting phase-one trials with one thousand volunteers. The Gates Foundation has been the leading nonprofit funding COVID-19 vaccine efforts