Make a report on the growth of trade and its effect on the life of people during sultan period.
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
The first few Muslim Sultans could not devote their attention to trade and commerce as they were preoccupied with the problem of securing their position.
Balban is the first Sultan who got dense forests cut; roads built and secured form the danger of bandits.
This helped the traders and their commercial caravans to move from one market place to another. The economic reforms of Alauddin Khilji brought the prices to very low ebb though it was an artificial measure and had nothing to do with the true prosperity and economic growth.
However, it encouraged import of foreign goods form Persia, since the Sultan made advances to the foreign traders to import their goods and he always subsidised in such cases.
The failure of Mohammad Tughlaq that the country regained its economic prosperity and the revenue of Delhi alone reached the high figure of six crores while that of Doab was 80 lakhs. His encouragement to gardening and provisions of means of irrigation like the wells and canals increased the prosperity of the country.
During the days of this very ruler, we hear of Karkhanas in which he utilised his slaves. Besides these public commercial undertakings, there were private enterprises as well. We hear how many types of industries prospered during the reign of Feroze.
Dr. Ashirwadi Lai provides a very exhaustive list of these industries like the textile “including the manufacture of cotton, woolen and silk cloth. Dyeing industry, printing industry, calico printing industry sugar industry, metal work, paper industry, stone work, enameling, etc.”
Despite this industrial development the main occupation of the people was agriculture. Ala-ud-din realised 50% of the total produce in Doab and even then the farmers could find it economic to till the land.
It was the prosperity of these farmers which induced Mohammad Tughlaq to think of enhancing the land revenue. The foreign traveller, Ibn- Battuta speaks of black rice which he partook in royal feast during the reign of Mohammad Tughlaq and which was thought to be of the days of Ala-ud-din Khilji.
Internal and External Trade:
India’s foreign trade both overland and overseas was truly an international enterprise. Although the Arabs were the dominant partners in the India Ocean trade, they had been by no means ousted the Indian traders, viz. the Tamils and Gujaratis, both Hindu and Muslim.
The coastal trade and trade between the coastal ports and north India was in the hands of Marwaris and Gujaratis, many of whom were Jains. The Muslim Bohra merchants also participated in the trade. The overland trade with Central and West Asia was in the hands of Multanis, who were mostly Hindus and Khurasanis, who were Afghans, Iranians, etc. Many of these merchants had settled down in Delhi.
The Gujarati and Marwari merchants were extremely wealthy and some of them particularly the Jains, spent large sums for the construction of temples. Cambay was a great city in which many wealthy merchants live. They had lofty houses built in fine stone and mortar, with tiled roofs.
Their houses were surrounded by orchards and fruit-gardens which had many tanks. These wealthy merchants and the skilled craftsmen lived a luxurious life and were accustomed to good food and clothing. The merchants, Hindu and Muslim, were attended by pages bearing swords with silver and gold work. In Delhi, the Hindu merchants rode horses with costly trappings, lived in fine houses, and celebrated their festivals with great pomp and show.
Barani tells us that the Multani merchants were so rich that gold and silver were to be found in abundance in their houses, the nobles were so spendthrift that every time they wanted to hold a feast or a celebration, they had to run to the houses of the Multanis in order to borrow money.
Transport and Communication:
In those days, travel was always risky due to robbers and dacoits and various marauding tribes. However, the royal roads were kept in good shape and there were many sarais on the way for the comfort and safety of the travellers.
In addition to the royal road form Peshawar to Sonargaon, Muhammad Tughlaq built a road to Daulatabad. There were arrangements for the post being carried quickly from one part of the country to another.
This was done by relays of horses or even more efficiently and quickly by runners who were posted every few kilometres in towers which were built for the purpose. The runner continually clanged a bell as he ran so that the man on the next relay may be able to see him from the tower and get ready to take his burden.
We are told that by means of these relays, fresh fruits were obtained for the sultan form Khurasan. When Muhammad Tughlaq was at Daulatabad, which was 40 days’ journey from Delhi, he regularly used to receive the Ganga water for drinking purposes by means of these relays.