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essay in 1968 act of civil rights.

After suffering many years of genocidal levels of eradication, Native Americans had largely been relegated to tribal lands where the United States Constitution did not apply. Tribal lands are plots of land designated by the United States government on which Native Americans can live in sovereignty. This situation was far from ideal for Native Americans, though. If they chose to live away from a tribal land, they experienced discrimination similar to that which African Americans of the time faced, and if they chose to live on tribal lands, the United States Constitution did not apply to them.

The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 granted Native Americans, for the first time, full access to the United States Bill of Rights. This guaranteed them the right to freedom of religion, the right of habeas corpus--or justification of lawful imprisonment, and the right to a trial by jury (among others). The idea behind the extension of the Bill of Rights to Native American communities was that it would protect individuals from potential abuses within tribal lands and pave the way for formal trial courts that would extend the sovereignty of Native American reservations to include legislative authority. This means that Native Americans' civil rights would be protected but they would also be able to govern themselves in sovereignty. There were, however, some legal gray areas that resulted from the passage of the act, and conflict arose between respecting Native American sovereignty and adhering to the principles of the United States Bill of Rights.

The Historical Context of the Indian Civil Rights Act....

During the early 20th century, Native Americans from different tribes began pooling resources to create a collective indigenous identity, known as the Pan Indian Movement. The Pan Indian movement fought against assimilation of Native American cultures and lands under Anglo American rule, and helped to ease longstanding conflicts between different tribes. Over time, Native Americans were able to create formal political units to fight for sovereignty and equality, but still suffered racism and injustices. For example, tribal lands were often illegally seized, and the United States often disallowed sacred religious practices. Native Americans struggled with police brutality, high rates of poverty and high rates of unemployment. They also suffered high rates of infant mortality and low rates of life expectancy.

By the 1960s, civil rights issues were brought to the national stage. African American activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. were working toward an end to Jim Crow, or forced segregation laws, in Southern states. They were also working towards an end to the informal yet oppressive discrimination African Americans faced all over the United States. Influenced by the strides other civil rights activists were making, Native Americans formed the American Indian Movement in 1968 to tackle the civil rights issues plaguing Native American communities.

That same year, the Indian Civil Rights Act was passed by president Lyndon Johnson. The act was created by Congress to prevent abuses on tribal lands and inside Native American courts, thus serving both tribal and human rights interests. The act also aimed to end the discrimination Native Americans faced away from tribal lands by granting them equal protection under United States law.

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