make table if the breathing rate of makes is different from females
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Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus. John Gray used this provocative title for his book to describe the fundamental psychological differences between the sexes. Many other controlled studies and brain scans demonstrate that men and women are physically and mentally different. The purpose of this physiology masterclass is to illustrate how sex-related differences are present in respiratory function and their possible clinical implications.
Anatomical differences
Airways
In the last 4 weeks of gestation, the female fetus shows lower specific airway resistance than the male. From the 26th to 36th weeks of gestation, female fetuses show a more mature phospholipid profile that reflects the production of surfactant. After birth, female neonates seem to be characterised by higher ratio of large to small airways. They tend to have higher flow rates and specific airway conductance than males. This has been attributed to the role of surfactant in maintaining patency of the smaller airway [1].
Men are characterised by larger nasal cavities, and longer, narrower and higher nasal floors than females of the same body size. Such sexual dimorphism in the human skull influences the morphology of the upper airways [2]. Male average skeletal cranial airways are larger, with taller piriform apertures and, more consistently, taller internal nasal cavities and choanae than females [3].
Absolute retropalatal cross-sectional area is larger in males during both wakefulness and sleep, but when it is corrected for body surface area there is no sex difference. Similarly, males’ absolute retropalatal compliance during sleep is higher than females, but this difference disappears after the correction for neck circumference [4]. Men are characterised by larger neck circumference both as an absolute value and after correction for body mass index. Neck circumference is considered a surrogate index of pharyngeal soft tissue volume and fat distribution. Men have higher fat deposition at the level of the palate. These non-neuromuscular properties of the upper airways are important determinants of retropalatal compliance [4].
There are also sex-related differences in the pharynx in terms of size and resistance. The cross-sectional area is higher in men than in women [5, 6]. Although age and percentage of ideal body weight are contributors, the strongest independent factor impacting on pharyngeal area is sex [6]. Differences also emerge
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