Make the comparative study of the Harappan and the Mesopotamian civilization please tell me whole project
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The Indus Valley Civilisation is also named theHarappan civilisation after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India.[12] The discovery of Harappa, and soon afterwards Mohenjo-daro, was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj.[13] Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999.[14] This Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from the cultures immediately preceding and following it. Of these, the earlier is often called the Early Harappan culture, while the later one may be referred to as the Late Harappan, both of which existed in the same area as the Mature Harappan Civilisation. The early Harappan cultures were preceded by local Neolithicagricultural villages, from which the river plains were populated.[15][16]
A total of 1,022 cities and settlements had been found by 2008,[1] mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers, and their tributaries; of which 406 sites are in Pakistan and 616 sites in India;[1] of these 96 have been excavated.[1] Among the settlements were the major urban centres ofHarappa, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Dholavira, Ganeriwala andRakhigarhi.[17]
The Harappan language is not directly attested, and its affiliation is uncertain since the Indus script is still undeciphered. A relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family is favoured by a section of scholars.[18][19]
Mesopotamian civilization is considered to be the first civilization known to the history of mankind originated in the Fertile Crescent bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountainsand in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau nourished by two rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates. The presence of the two rivers made the land fertile making it possible for the civilization to thrive. Mesopotamian Civilization became the base for many aspects of Western Civilization.
The geography of Mesopotamia that included flat and marshy land can be traced to parts of modern day Syria, almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey. As per the geography, Mesopotamian Civilization could be roughly divided into two zones: the mostly flat Upper Mesopotamia and the highly fertile plain of Lower Mesopotamia
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Introduction:-
The heart of the history of India or the first human life of Indian subcontinent, the Great Indus valley civilisation. It is also known as “The Harrapan civilisation.” It was spreaded across parts of India as well as large part of Pakistan. The name Indus valley comes from its main river in its river system which is the Indus River. It was a civilisation of the Bronze Age and it dated from 3000 BC – 1500 BC. It was one the 1st civilisations taking place in the world history. The people of Indus valley civilization were extremely peaceful and advanced in farming. They were also good in the field of trade. They traded with the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization.
The land of Ziggurats or the Mesopotamian civilization was known for its complex government structures. The area of it was just like in the shape of a crescent and so was also called “the ancient fertile crescent area”. It was situated between the two fertile rivers- Tigris and Euphrates. It was in existence from 3500-1800 BC. These people were hot-minded and used to fight which caused often wars between people, rulers and other countries. Due to these wars the civilization declined.
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Geography:-
Mesopotamian civilization is mostly located in Iraq. It forms a crescent shape and so is called “the fertile crescent”. Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the Armenian Highlands. Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. Overland routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf. There were three major problems of the geography which are unpredictable floods/dry summers, no natural barriers for protection as the small villages were in the open plains which were defenceless, & lastly there were limited natural resources like metal, wood and stone. But for this they found a excellent solution which is building of irrigation ditches, city walls with mud bricks, and trade of resources which couldn’t be found there respectively.
The Indus Valley Civilization encompassed most of Pakistan and parts of south-western India, and Afghanistan, extending from Pakistani Baluchistan in the west to Uttar Pradesh in the east, north-eastern Afghanistan to the north and Maharashtra to the south. It had rich agricultural lands which were surrounded by highlands, desert, and ocean. The climate was pleasant and cool; also it was ideal for farming due to the monsoon rains.
weapons:-
Indus valley civilization was a peaceful civilization. The people were more attached to agriculture and trading and thus usage of weapons was found very less. Other than weapons there are many agricultural tools found such as the plough, etc. The weapons which could be found are sword, spears, daggers, saw, bow and arrow, etc. Many of these were made up of bronze.
The Mesopotamians were advanced in the science of making tools and weapons. The Sumerians were expert in making unique and advanced tools and weaponry which helped them to last long. Sumerians developed the wheel to use it in the farm as well as in the wars. The geography of this civilization is such that the water can’t reach every part of the civilization. Thus they developed efficient water transporting system which could be evident through the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon.” Moving towards weaponry they used usually bronze for it. The main weapons are Bow and arrow, spears, battle axes, etc. They also had war chariots which would help them to move fast for attack. They used several other equipments such as the Javelins, etc. For defence they used to have helmets and armours.The civilization of Mesopotamia and Indus valley was different from each other in the form of government, economy and social system. Sumerians (people of Mesopotamia) developed Monarchial system of government while the Harappans (people of Indus valley civilization) developed democracy. Indus civilization presumably had higher living standards because their towns were well planned, clean and also constructed of baked bricks in opposition to Mesopotamia where the houses were mostly built of mud bricks.
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