Question

malik Amber's settlement and the maratha land tax

Answer 1

Malik Ambar thrust defeats on the Mughal General Khan Khanan many times and attacked Ahmadnagar often. Lakhuji Jadhavrao, Maloji Bhosale, Shahaji Bhosale and other Maratha .

Answer 2

Malik Ambar was an Ethiopian and Nizam Shahi Prime Minister. He introduced the scientific and organised land revenue settlement in Deccan which was fallowed by most Deccan kingdoms with slight modifications.

First land was assessed on the basis of observation and then assessment was fixed on the basis of actual land under cultivation. The cultivable land was divided into four types according to their quality and revenue was fixed accordingly. The land revenue was fixed 1/5th of total produce in kind.

The Marthas introduced the above system with slight modifications. They measured the land first and land tax was fixed as 40% of the total produce.

Besides the Chauth and Sardeshmukhi, the taxes which were levied by Marathas on the neighboring lands and form their major income. The sardeshmukhi was an exaction of 10 percent imposed upon the revenues of entire Maratha kingdom while as Chauth was 1/4th of the total produce from the neighboring kings.