math example domain and range
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Answered by
2
The domain of a function is the complete set of possible values of the independent variable.
In plain English, this definition means:
The domain is the set of all possible x-values which will make the function "work", and will output real y-values.
When finding the domain, remember:
The denominator (bottom) of a fraction cannot be zero
The number under a square root sign must be positive in this section
Example 1a
Here is the graph of \displaystyle{y}=\sqrt{{{x}+{4}}}y=
x+4
:
1
2
3
4
5
-1
-2
-3
-4
1
2
3
x
y
Domain: \displaystyle{x}\ge-{4}x≥−4
Interactive examples
Don't miss the applet exploring these examples here:
Domain and Range interactive applet
The domain of this function is \displaystyle{x}\ge-{4}x≥−4, since x cannot be less than \displaystyle-{4}−4. To see why, try out some numbers less than \displaystyle-{4}−4 (like \displaystyle-{5}−5 or \displaystyle-{10}−10) and some more than \displaystyle-{4}−4 (like \displaystyle-{2}−2 or \displaystyle{8}8) in your calculator. The only ones that "work" and give us an answer are the ones greater than or equal to \displaystyle-{4}−4. This will make the number under the square root positive.
Notes:
The enclosed (colored-in) circle on the point \displaystyle{\left(-{4},{0}\right)}(−4,0). This indicates that the domain "starts" at this point.
We saw how to draw similar graphs in section 4, Graph of a Function. For a more advanced discussion, see also How to draw y^2 = x − 2.
How to find the domain
In general, we determine the domain of each function by looking for those values of the independent variable (usually x) which we are allowed to use. (Usually we have to avoid 0 on the bottom of a fraction, or negative values under the square root sign).
Range
The range of a function is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable (y, usually), after we have substituted the domain.
In plain English, the definition means:
The range is the resulting y-values we get after substituting all the possible x-values.
How to find the range
The range of a function is the spread of possible y-values (minimum y-value to maximum y-value)
Substitute different x-values into the expression for y to see what is happening. (Ask yourself: Is y always positive? Always negative? Or maybe not equal to certain values?)
Make sure you look for minimum and maximum values of y.
Draw a sketch! In math, it's very true that a picture is worth a thousand words.
Example 1b
Let's return to the example above, \displaystyle{y}=\sqrt{{{x}+{4}}}y=
x+4
.
We notice the curve is either on or above the horizontal axis. No matter what value of x we try, we will always get a zero or positive value of y. We say the range in this case is y ≥ 0.
1
2
3
4
5
-1
-2
-3
-4
1
2
3
x
y
Range: \displaystyle{y}\ge{0}y≥0
The curve goes on forever vertically, beyond what is shown on the graph, so the range is all non-negative values of \displaystyle{y}y.
Example 2
The graph of the curve y = sin x shows the range to be betweeen −1 and 1.
1
2
3
4
5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
1
-1
x
y
Range: \displaystyle-{1}\le{y}\le{1}−1≤y≤1
The domain of y = sin x is "all values of x", since there are no restrictions on the values for x. (Put any number into the "sin" function in your calculator. Any number should work, and will give you a final answer between −1 and 1.)
From the calculator experiment, and from observing the curve, we can see the range is y betweeen −1 and 1. We could write this as −1 ≤ y ≤ 1.
Where did this graph come from? We learn about sin and cos graphs later in Graphs of sin x and cos x
Note 1: Because we are assuming that only real numbers are to be used for the x-values, numbers that lead to division by zero or to imaginary numbers (which arise from finding the square root of a negative number) are not included. The Complex Numbers chapter explains more about imaginary numbers, but we do not include such numbers in this chapter.
Note 2: When doing square root examples, many people ask, "Don't we get 2 answers, one positive and one negative when we find a square root?" A square root has at most one value, not two. See this discussion: Square Root 16 - how many answers?
Note 3: We are talking about the domain and range of functions, which have at most one y-value for each x-value, not relations (which can have more than one.).
In plain English, this definition means:
The domain is the set of all possible x-values which will make the function "work", and will output real y-values.
When finding the domain, remember:
The denominator (bottom) of a fraction cannot be zero
The number under a square root sign must be positive in this section
Example 1a
Here is the graph of \displaystyle{y}=\sqrt{{{x}+{4}}}y=
x+4
:
1
2
3
4
5
-1
-2
-3
-4
1
2
3
x
y
Domain: \displaystyle{x}\ge-{4}x≥−4
Interactive examples
Don't miss the applet exploring these examples here:
Domain and Range interactive applet
The domain of this function is \displaystyle{x}\ge-{4}x≥−4, since x cannot be less than \displaystyle-{4}−4. To see why, try out some numbers less than \displaystyle-{4}−4 (like \displaystyle-{5}−5 or \displaystyle-{10}−10) and some more than \displaystyle-{4}−4 (like \displaystyle-{2}−2 or \displaystyle{8}8) in your calculator. The only ones that "work" and give us an answer are the ones greater than or equal to \displaystyle-{4}−4. This will make the number under the square root positive.
Notes:
The enclosed (colored-in) circle on the point \displaystyle{\left(-{4},{0}\right)}(−4,0). This indicates that the domain "starts" at this point.
We saw how to draw similar graphs in section 4, Graph of a Function. For a more advanced discussion, see also How to draw y^2 = x − 2.
How to find the domain
In general, we determine the domain of each function by looking for those values of the independent variable (usually x) which we are allowed to use. (Usually we have to avoid 0 on the bottom of a fraction, or negative values under the square root sign).
Range
The range of a function is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable (y, usually), after we have substituted the domain.
In plain English, the definition means:
The range is the resulting y-values we get after substituting all the possible x-values.
How to find the range
The range of a function is the spread of possible y-values (minimum y-value to maximum y-value)
Substitute different x-values into the expression for y to see what is happening. (Ask yourself: Is y always positive? Always negative? Or maybe not equal to certain values?)
Make sure you look for minimum and maximum values of y.
Draw a sketch! In math, it's very true that a picture is worth a thousand words.
Example 1b
Let's return to the example above, \displaystyle{y}=\sqrt{{{x}+{4}}}y=
x+4
.
We notice the curve is either on or above the horizontal axis. No matter what value of x we try, we will always get a zero or positive value of y. We say the range in this case is y ≥ 0.
1
2
3
4
5
-1
-2
-3
-4
1
2
3
x
y
Range: \displaystyle{y}\ge{0}y≥0
The curve goes on forever vertically, beyond what is shown on the graph, so the range is all non-negative values of \displaystyle{y}y.
Example 2
The graph of the curve y = sin x shows the range to be betweeen −1 and 1.
1
2
3
4
5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
1
-1
x
y
Range: \displaystyle-{1}\le{y}\le{1}−1≤y≤1
The domain of y = sin x is "all values of x", since there are no restrictions on the values for x. (Put any number into the "sin" function in your calculator. Any number should work, and will give you a final answer between −1 and 1.)
From the calculator experiment, and from observing the curve, we can see the range is y betweeen −1 and 1. We could write this as −1 ≤ y ≤ 1.
Where did this graph come from? We learn about sin and cos graphs later in Graphs of sin x and cos x
Note 1: Because we are assuming that only real numbers are to be used for the x-values, numbers that lead to division by zero or to imaginary numbers (which arise from finding the square root of a negative number) are not included. The Complex Numbers chapter explains more about imaginary numbers, but we do not include such numbers in this chapter.
Note 2: When doing square root examples, many people ask, "Don't we get 2 answers, one positive and one negative when we find a square root?" A square root has at most one value, not two. See this discussion: Square Root 16 - how many answers?
Note 3: We are talking about the domain and range of functions, which have at most one y-value for each x-value, not relations (which can have more than one.).
Answered by
0
Domain is a set of all possible values of the variable for which the function is defined.
if any other value out of the domain is taken ,the output can't be defined.
The set of all the outputs which are got putting the values from domain in function is called the range of the function.
We can't get any different output that is not exist in range by putting values from domain.
eg. f(x) =x-2 is defined for all real values of x. If we put any real value , the function will give us an output.
and it's range is also real numbers.
So it is defined from R to R.
For f(x)=1/x
The function is defined by any real number but not defined at x=0.
it's domain is R-{0}. It can out put any value except 0, because numerator is not 0 it can't give 0.
so it's range is also R-{0}.
The function f(x)=|x| has domain =R and Range = only non-negative values.
it is defined from R to [0,००)
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