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Topic: covid - 19 pandemic most disastrous tragedy of 21st century
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1Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
2Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3Department of Microbiology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
4Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
5Department of Poultry Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
6Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
7School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
8Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
9Department of Parasitology, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
10Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
11Department of Animal Nutrition, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
12Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranks third in terms of fatal coronavirus diseases threatening public health, coming after SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus). SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2) causes COVID-19. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the current outbreak of COVID-19 is the sixth global health emergency. As of December 3, 2020, 64 million people worldwide have been affected by this malaise, and the global economy has experienced a loss of more than $1 trillion. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Betacoronavirus genus. The high nucleotide sequence identity of SARS-CoV-2 with the BatCoV RaTG13 genome has indicated that bats could be the possible host of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the host cell via binding its spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is similar to the mechanisms of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 can spread from person to person via respiratory droplets and airborne and contaminated fomites.
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Coronaviruses are emerging as a threat to people in the 21st century. They are responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in the elderly and immunocompromised people. In the last two decades, two human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported to cause mild disease (1). In 2003, SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) triggered the first human outbreak in Guangdong Province, China. It affected more than 20 countries worldwide due to international travel (2). A total of 8,098 cases were registered, of which ~916 died during the 2002–2003 SARS-CoV wave (3). At this time, SARS-CoV was the emerging public health infectious outbreak of this century. However, the pandemic ended in 2004, but the estimated global economic loss exceeded $90 billion (4).
After a decade of SARS-CoV infection, the emergence of a new type of coronavirus called MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) has challenged the world. Since November 2019, MERS-CoV has affected 2,494 people worldwide, with ~858 deaths (5). Based on molecular and phylogenetic studies, the bats were identified as a natural host of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (6).
On 31 December 2019, the third pandemic of a new variant of Betacoronavirus occurred in a seafood market in Wuhan, Hubei, China (7). The three new coronavirus epidemics first emerged among the Chinese population, and this is probably due to their traditional eating habits of wild animals such as bats, snakes, foxes, and dogs (8). At the end of February 2020, this novel viral strain was named 2019-nCoV and its disease COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has declared that the virus has been classified as SARS-CoV-2 (9, 10).
This catastrophe was linked to vast markets of animals and seafood, and research continues to establish the origins of this infectious disease. The primary investigation found that SARS-CoV-2 has a close homology to the amino acid sequence of SARS-CoV and binds to the same receptor (ACE2) as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To date, more than 200 countries/regions have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. As of December 3, 2020, ~64 million confirmed cases had been reported, including 1.5 million worldwide deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared that the COVID-19 pandemic was the sixth global public health emergency, preceded by influenza (H1N1) in 2009; Ebola hemorrhagic fever in West Africa in 2014 and 2016; poliomyelitis in 2014; Zika virus outbreak in 2016; and Ebola epidemics in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2019 (11, 12). The disease is spread to healthy individuals via respiratory droplets, contaminated mites, and airborne methods. Furthermore, cooperation among people employed in the health sector, physicians, medical personnel, and private and government institutions is required to stop its spread around the world (13).